'Australian Plants' Vol.5 No.39 June 1969 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | The text in this file has been extracted from 'Australian Plants' Vol.5 No.39 June 1969. | | | | Please note that the file was compiled from a scan of the original document. As successful | | scanning is dependent on the quality of the original, there may be errors in the text where | | the scanning software was unable to recognise particular words. | | | | PLEASE USE THE FOLLOWING LINK TO VIEW THE ACTUAL, ACCURATELY FORMATTED | | JOURNAL, INCLUDING ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOS: | | | | https://anpsa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Australian-Plants/Australian-Plants-Vol5-39.pdf | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN 11,000 COPIES lustralian Plants Registered at G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission JUNE, 1969 ] Volume 5, No by post as a periodical. Volume will comprise issues Colour photography by Frank Hurley Blocks by courtesy oy John Sands Pty. Ltd. TELOPEA TRUNCATA — THE TASMANIAN WARATAH @@@ 2 @@@ Page 98—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—PROTEACEAE June, 1969 TASMANIAN WARATAH Telopea trunca‘a (Labill.) R.Br. by A. M. Gray The Tasmanian Waratah differs from the Mainland counterparts, but resembles both T. mangaensis and T. oreades. It is perhaps a little more compact than T. oreades and somewhat larger and more brilliant in colour than T. mongaensis. The N.S.W. Waratah, Telopea speciosissima is a more spectacular flower, but in the Tasmanian rainforests and sub-albine shrubberies nothing makes such a fine disnlay as the Tasmanian Waratah. It grows to a large spreading shrub, with deep green entire leaves which may be ovate-lanceolate to obovate in shape and usually with a blunt apex. The young branches and unopened flowerheads are usually covered with soft brownish hairs. A freely flowering soecimen has no rival in our bushlands. Picked out from the deeo green foliage the crimson or scarlet flowers standing stiffly upright on long stems make a magnificent sight. The flowers may be from 2"-4" across and with the densely packed individual flowers possessing long curved stigmas and secreting copious amounts of nectar. The Tasmanian waratah does not possess the bracts as in T. speciosissima. The flowers are followed by woody follicles which, after ripening, open to release numerous winged seeds. The specific name “truncata”, meaning cut off or shortened, alludes to the flowerhead (which is really a much compacted raceme) appearing as if it had originally been similar to the “cone’” shaped head of T. speciosissima, but had been cut off about 12”-3%" from the base of the raceme. Although scarlet or crimson are the normal colours, rare olants displaying yellow or creamv flowers have been found. One with fine yellow flowers is growing in a beautiful garden, carefully tended by Miss E. Huxley at Longley, 12 miles south of Hobart. This shrub was found in the mountains behind her home by her father and brought back to a safe plot in the garden. Each year, at flowering time, visitors are treated to a wonderful * display of bright yellow waratahs. The leaves differ quite a lot from the normal red flower type and the downy hairs are always greenish, without the brownish tinge. Previous issues of “Australian Plants” have given clear directions on the propagation of the Waratahs so | need not go further. A warning however, that the seedlings are very prone to damning off, would be pertinent at this stage. Remember not to sow the seed too thickly; place the seed tray in a light and well ventilated position and do not over-water—a spray with fungicide will not go amiss. The Tasmanian Waratah will do well in a position that offers adequate root moisture and a fairlv clayey soil, though well drained! It is quite hardy with respect to frost, sun or winds and makes a spectacular and very worthwhile specimen for any suitable garden. CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE G The principal theme of this issue is wildflowers of Tasmania together with Australian rchids. Richea, The Genus—by A. M. Gray, pp. 99 and B. R. Jackes pp. 124. 9, ‘“White’”” pp. 1u8. Eucalptus, Tasmanian spemeS*Descrlbed and illustrated pp. 115—E. stricklandii, pp. 113. Agastachys—‘‘White Waratah’> by A. M. Gray, pp. » Senecio brunonis by A. M. Gray—pp 103. Melia azedarach, ‘“The White Cedar’’—Street Trees by H. Oakman—pp. 112. ORCHIDS Dendrobium bairdianum & D. bifalce by Ian Walters—pp. 105. Fterostylis plumosa—A new name by Leo Cady—pp. 138. Orchids—Their cultivation by B. J. Dudman pp. 107 and by D. J. Jones—pp. 143. @@@ 3 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—EFACRIDACEAE Page 99—Vol. 5 THE GENUS RICHEA by A. M. Gray Some of the most impressive plants of the Tasmanian forests and alpine scrubs and moors belong to the Richea genus, a member of the Epacridaceae. Richea comprises ten soecies, nine of which are confined to Tasmania; the other, Richea continentis, endemic to the highlands of Vic., N.S.W. and A.C.T. They are distributed from sea-level to the highest peaks throughout the Island, and range in size from small undershrubs to giant palm-like forest trees, with stems from 10’ to 50’ high and the leaves 1’ to 4’ in length, and not in the least resembling a “heath”. Botanically the Richeas are very interesting, due to the unusual formation of the flowers and to a degree the leaves. Whereas in a normal flower the petals, when present, separate, open and remain upon the receptacle for varying amounts of time (according to the species); in Richea, as in the Eucalyptus species, the petals do not open but remain joined together in the form of a “cap” or ooerculum, which is shed as the anthers mature and expand. In Eucalyptus, this cap, or operculum, is in all cases woody and does not have a petaloid texture, whereas in Richea, the operculum is at least petaloid in texture and colour until it is shed, in most cases, very early in the life of the flower. The leaves of Richea soecies have broad sheathing bases, and are more or less closely appressed for varying extent of their length, then spreading, upright or reflexed and mostly confined to the ends of the branches. The venation, as in other Epacridaceous species, is parallel. After the leaves have fallen they leave raisec scars on the stems, though not prominent in all species. A very spectacular part of the Tasmanian flora is the huge Richea pandanifolia (‘pandani’). Visitors travelling through our dense rainforests are surprised to see a olant, which in all respects resembles a tropical palm growing in sub-antartic forests. In summer, another of the species, Richea scoparia, blazes the alpine moors with a mass of colour, from white through scariet and burgundy, and lacing the air with the aroma of burnt candy. Then there is the beautiful Richea dracophylla, with leaves and stems resembling a miniature of Richea pandanifolia, but with the flowers far more spectacular, in huge terminal ‘spikes’, closely arranged and resembling (before the ‘petals’ fall) a cluster of polished rice grains. The following is a descriotion of the genus, followed by a simple account of each species. Unusual shrubs or medium sized trees, if as the latter, mostly unbranched and resembling certain palm species. Leaves hard and leathery in texture, base sheathing, the lower part imbricate, commonly crowded at the ends of the branches, reflexed, spreading or erect. Venation parallel, the margins with minute serrations, apex abrupt or tapering to a long point, hard or pungent. Flowers in panicles or spikes, terminating the main branches or short laterals. Corolla not separating into lobes, but separating circumscissile at, or just above the base and falling early, the base persisting. Operculum conical, conical-truncate or ovoid. Calyx of five sepals, separating and persistent. Ovary five-celled, many seeds in each cell. Style embedded in a depression in the top of the ovary; stigma small. Stamens five, occasionally four, arising from the receptacle, persisting and prominent after the operculum has fallen. Anthers bilobed or entire, continuous with the filament or free at the lower portion. Some species possessing nectar secreting scales, nectar often copious. Fruit a dehiscent 5-celled capsule, seeds numerous and very small. Nine species endemic in Tasmania, one in Victoria, N.S.W. and A.C.T. The following descriptions of the species are simple and non-technical for the reasons of clarity and ease of identification in the field. Variations between the soecies are often small and detailed. the main diaanostic characteristics are described and should allow the careful observer to identify the plants. @@@ 4 @@@ Page 100—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—EPACRIDACEAE June, 1969 Reproduced from paintings by Alison M. Ashby—Biocks by courtesy of the South Australian Museum. Richea continentis B. L. Burtt ’Candie Heath”” A shrub usually 3 to 5 ft. or more in height, occasionally reduced to 12’’ in exposed situations; pranches densely crowded, the bush compact. Leaves rigid, lanceolate, imbricate, sub-erect or recurved. Apex tapering to a pungent point. Base broad, sheathing, margins hyaline and minutely scaberiilous. Usually '2”” to 1" long but often 2 to 3" long on the younger branches, especially in shaded situations. The leaves persistent on the older stems. Inflorescence an interrupted, paniculate spike, occurring at the ends of the branches. Bracts much shorter than the foliage leaves, very broad, the base with membraneous wings. Apex tapering suddenly to a long, soft point; caducous, falling before the corolla is shed. Flowers 3-5 togcther on a short peduncle, the axis of the main inflorescence elongated between the flower clusters. The flowers subtended by 2 or 3 narrow bracts which fall early. Sepals small and broadly ovate. Corolla ovoid-conical, the apex blunt, creamy-white to pale pink. Siamens equal to or slightly longer than the style. Nectaries present. @@@ 5 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—EPACRIDACEAE Page 101—Vol. 5 Reproduced from paintings by Alison M. Ashby—Blocks by courtesy of the S.A. Museum Richea scoparia Hook. f. "Scoparia’’ One of the most eye-catching of plants on the moors and ridges of Tasmania’s high country, often forming extensive patches on scree slopes and the flanks of ridges, plants from 2’-6" high. Bushwalkers abhor this plant as its very rigid and pungent foliage makes it a nightmare to try and force one’s way through, indeed there are very few bushwalkers who have not had some encounter with Tasmania’s ‘‘infamous’ Scoparia scrub. The leaves of R. scoparia are from 1'°-3" long, rigid, often very coarse and pungent, erect or semi-recurved, sometimes deep reddish in colour, persisting on the branches for two or three seasons after dying; base sheathing and somewhat imbricate. The bark is tan brown in colour and usually shed in large flakes, leaf-scars obscure. Flowers in terminal spikes or panicles, somewhat simiiar to the inflorescence of R. dracophylla, though of course smaller and coloured from all shades of pink, orange and scarlet to the most exquisite ‘burgundy’ shades. The bracts are small, and like the operculum, fall very early. Copious amounts of nectar are produced, the aroma of this nectar somewhat resembling burnt candy, and on a hot day in the mountains is almost overpowering. @@@ 6 @@@ Page 102—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—EFACRIDACEAE June, 1969 ) METRE ——— RICHEA PANDANIFOLIA The descriptions of all the species of Richea fully illustrated by sketches similar to that above, are continued on page 126, commencing with a simple key to the species. Richea pandifolia is described under a photograph of plants with the author on page 111 where details of cultivation and propagation are given. @@@ 7 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—COMPOSITAE Page 103—Vol. 5 SENECIO by A. M. Gray Senecio brunonsis (Hook. f.) J. H. Willis (1967) compositae. syn. Senecio centropappus F. Muell., Centropappus brunonis Hook. f. I wish to discuss the above plant not so much because it is an enciemic Tasmanian species but because of its peculiarity of form and the fact that it is a unique and rare plant. Many people would have read of the giant Groundsels (and Lobelias) of the Ruenzori Mts. (or Mts. of the Moon) in Central S.W. Africa. The usual concept of “groundsels”, is that of a small herbaceous weed or a shrubby plant. However in the upper reaches of the above Mts. the Senecios reach giant proportions, as much as 5-50" high, and are soft (herbaceous) and = brittle. Here in Tasmania, in two very restricted localities there occurs a plant which grows into a medium size tree, is not as “brittle and herbaceous” as its African cousin but is nevertheless a member of the Senecio (Groundsel or rag-wart) genus. Unfortunately over the past few years this plant, Senecio brunonis, has become exceecingly rare, mainly by devastation from bushfires. It occurred only on Mt. Wellington, near Hobart, and Mt. Dromedary, which rises to 3400’ half way between Hobart and New Norfolk. Both mountains suffered extensively in February 1967 with the result that Senecio brunonis is possibly extinct on Mt. Dromedary and is hard to find on Mt. Wellington. Althcugh approaches have been made to Hobart City Council, who control the “Mountain Reserve”, to preserve and protect the remaining trees, typically, nothing has been done. A shrub or small tree, usually from 5-10° but sometimes up to 20" Leaves 1”-4” long mostly clusterec towards the end of the branchlets, spreading, broadly linear, the apex blunt, margins somewhat recurved, sessile and leaving raised scars on the stems after falling; glabrous, very sticky when crushed and emitting a strong sweet aroma. Flowers numerous and borne in terminal “corymbose panicles”. Ray florets wiith broad yellow petals. Disc florets twice as many as the rays. Achenes smocth, pappus bristles stiff, almost feathery at the ends. Cuttings of this plant are hard to strike, seed being plentiful, is the best means of propagation. It should be scattered thinlv in a good soil mixture containing ample humus. Drainage is important, as is adequate air circulation. Once germinated the seedlings should be pricked into small pots and hardened off. When planted into the garden, a cool position is most beneficial. Senecio is a fairly rapid grower and with adequate Summer watering, an attractive small tree of pyramidal shape, will be your reward. No pruning or fertilizing is usually necessary. The newly formed Hobart group of ithe S.G.A.P. may soon be able to collect some seed of Senecio brunonis, this will be distributed among local grouos in all States desirous of obtaining this plant. Any person able to germinate and grow it will be ensuring that this very rare and unusual plant does not become extinct. GAYVALE Growers and collectors of Tasmanian endemic plants. Limited numbers of plants and species available including seed and cuttings where practicable. Please write for catalogue and price list . PROP.: A. M. GRAY 105 Summerleas Road, Ferntree, Tas. 7101 @@@ 8 @@@ Page 104—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—COMPOSITAE June, 1969 SENECIO IN TASMANIA by A. M. Gray There are 22 species of Senecio in Tasmania. Of these five are endemic (Senecio papillosus, S. spathulatus, S. brunonis, S. primulifolius and S. capillifolius) and four are introduced. [ Reproduced from paintings by Alison M. Ashby—Blocks by courtesy of the S.A. Museum SENECIO PECTINATUS Senecio pectinatus is found in Victoria as well as Tasmania from highland situations to sea-level. It is a perennial herb with mostly radial leaves, the leaves spathulate or oblong with the base narrowed into a petiole in the older leaves, green and shining, deeply pinnately divided, the lobes fine and blunt. The flowers are borne on stems 2”-6” long viten with small leaves along its length. The ‘‘flower head” is broadlv campanulate and solitary on the stem, 1”-2” in diameter, bright yellow or occasionally deep orange. Senecio pectinatus var. ochroleuca Rodw. is very similar but differs by possessing leaves which are almost entire and narrow linear to spathulate in shape. @@@ 9 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—ORCHIDACEAE Page 105 AUSTRALIAN DENDROBIUM A series on species of Dendrobium by Ian Walters SECTION LATAUREA — Dendrobium bifalce Lindl. and Dendrobium bairdianum F. M. Bail. This section of Dendrobium is principally found in New Guinea and adjacent islands, with two representatives occurring in Australia. One of these, Dendrobium bifalce Lindl. is common throughout the above region, while the other, Dendrobium bairdianum F. M. Bail., is endemic to the high ranges of tropical North Queensland. DENDROBIUM BAIRDIANUM F. M. Bail. Editor’s Note: Will readers please report on their experiences in growing these Dendrobium and the next species to be featured, D. stuartii. Reports indicate that D. bairdianum is quite successfully grown in Sydney without need for heat. @@@ 10 @@@ Page 106—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—ORCHIDACEAE June, 1969 The section Lataurea is characterised by having medium sized, green, white, or yellowish flowers with varying amounts of brown, purple-brown, markings on the labellum and often on the sepals and petals. The labellum is usually large, smooth and with a large callus or crest, usually lobed, at the base of the mid-lobe, and extending to the base of the labellum. Plants of this section usually consist of large fusiforme pseudobulbs, with a few large leathery leaves at the apex, the voung pseudobulbs clothed with large bracts. Dendrobium bifalce Lindl. The Australian form from Cape York is a robust species, producing large, fusiforme pseudobulbs up to eighteen inches in height and about one inch in diameter. The leaves, two to three in number, are stiff, yellowish green, 5-6 inches long and 2-3 inches wide, oval. The inflorescences are produced from the apical nodes, usually few flowered, the flowers being borne close together at the end of the spike. Flowers about three quarters to one inch across, long lived, the sepals breadly triangular, petals narrow, acute. The labellum is three lobed, the lateral lobes small, falcate, acute, the midlobe large, curved, with the outer corners uoturned. Labellum with a large callus, which is two-lobed. The flower is green, yellowish-green in colour, with blotches of brown, purple-brown, on the labellum and smaller markings of the same colour on the sepals and petals. The labellum is lighter in colour than the sepals. Dendrobium bifalce Lindl. is a robustly growing plant which seems to require abundant room for root establishment. It is grown sucessfully in a pot in oeat and also on a large slab of treefern. The species is typically a tropical orchid and requires a warm sunny position with maximum moisture when growing. A rest after flowering, until the new lead appears, seems beneficial, as do applications of fertilizer when growing. Dendrobium bairdianum F. M. Bail. This is a small growing species, rarely exceeding eight inches in height, with almost cylindrical pseudobulbs, slightly swollen at the middle, up to about one half inck diameter. Leaves several, dark green, borne on the anical one third of the pseudobulb, often persisting on only the most recent growths, narrow, about three inches long and one half inch across, lanceolate. Inflorescence short, about as long as the leaves, few flowered, produced from the apex. Flowers long lived, about three quarters to one inch across, the sepals broadly triangular, the lateral sepals reflexing somewhat. Petals much narrower, acute, as long as the sepals. Labellum large, three lobed, the lateral lobes obtuse, rounded. Midlobe large, wider at the apex than at the base, the apex rounded with the outer corners upturned. Labellum with a large two lobed callus, white, at the base of the midlobe. The flowers are a green to yellow-green in colour, with the large labellum a contrasting dark red-purple to light purple with the large white callus. This combination of colours makes this species one of the prettiest of the native Dendrobiums. The species inhabits open forest of the North Queensland range tops. It is a scarce orchid, usually found growing in the tops of the “Bull oak” trees and on the branches of “Bottlebrush” trees in small creeks. It requires cool, moist conditions, well sheltered, and should never be allowed to dry out completely for long. Branches of its native host offer the best possibilities for successful culture, although small pots using peat or bark could also be used. A short rest after flowering seems warranted, until the new growths appear. @@@ 11 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—ORCHIDACEAE Page 107—Vol. 5 GROW ORCHIDS AUSTRALIAN NATIVE ORCHIDS FOR BUSH-HOUSE CULTURE IN TASMANIA by B. J. Dudman I will describe about 30 species which | think are easily cultivated in a bush-house here, and reward the grower with masses of blooms regularly but require little attention. Most epiphytes can be broadly described as “air- plants” and as such, in their native state, their food supplies are provided by nature through the agency of the sun, rain, dew, air and by the nature of the bark of the tree which harbours them, and what is often most important, by the insects and birds which freauent these trees. To my way of thinking, a bush-house with either shade cloth roof or slats, allows nature to continue to provide for the plants with the sun, rain, dew and air, while with careful attention, we provide the host whether it be pot or branch, and assist by providing that extra nourishment in the form of liauid fertiliser during the growing season, to only healthy established plants. We can then attempt to satisfy the plants climatic desires, whether it be a moist shaded gully, or an exposed tree top. With experimenting, we can find the best position, and our plants reward us with masses of blooms, many of which are delightfully perfumed, which is more than most Cymbidium or Cattleya hybrids offer. Dendrobium kingianum Bidw. “The Pink Rock Orchid” This very variable olant is found in New South Wales and Queensland where it grows on cliff faces and often in extensive colonies, where it thrives under very liaht shade given by oven bushland, although sometimes found in very exposed places. Throughout its native habitat the average rainfall would be about 40 inches per annum and often has severe winter frosts and high summer temperatures. Many forms produce growths on top of parent growths, which can be removed when developed. The plants are very variable in growth, sometimes with short, stout pseudo-bulbs, sometimes tall and slender only being bulbous at the base; height to 12 inches with 3 to 6 leaves. The flowers from 2 to 9 are usually 3" across and vary in form and in colour from a rare pure white through shades of pink to deep mauve. These flowers are carried above the foliage and appear in spring, some forms being perfumed. Some worthwhile varieties are: var. album which carries more flowers to a stem and is pure white—a rare form. Var. silcocki—Flowers are pure white with pink lip and fleshy. Var. pulcherrimum is rare. Pseudo bulbs rarely exceed 3" in height and the very richly coloured flowers are larger than the type. This form does not respond well to cultivation. All forms of Dendrobium kingianum can be grown in pots in a compost consisting of pine-bark, leaf mould and little course sand and charcoal; good drainage is essential. They benefit from liberal feedings of fowl manure etc. during growing season and can be grown in bush house under 46% shade cloth. It is preferable to move them under bermanent shelter when buds appear. | have over 15 different forms, all growing extremely well under above conditions. Nearly every orchid grower has a plant of Dendrobium kingianum in their collection but too often it is neglected, yet still flowers yearly. A large specimen plant in a 8” or 10” pot carries hundreds of blooms. Previous issues have described many of the species mentioned in more detail, often illustrated with line drawings and full colour plates. This article is presented to assure readers that these orchids may be grown without a great deal of trouble as far south as Tasmania. The article is continued on page no. 133. @@@ 12 @@@ Page 108—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—PROTEACEAE June, 1969 AGASTACHYS by A. M. GRAY Agastachys odorata R.Br. (Proteaceae) “White Waratah” This beautiful plant is commonly known as “The White Waratah”, and although it is in the same family as the true Waratahs, it is quite a different plant. Agastachys is one of the characteristic plants of the wet, acid Button- grass moors of the South, West and South-west, although it does occur fairly commonly in dense forests in these areas. It is an erect shrub, much branched and with light green, glossy leaves and reddish stems. In Summer it produces large, dense spikes of brilliant white flowers which are very small and crowded and with a strong, sweet perfume. A more detailed description is as follows:- 8 L e, T Photography by A. M. Gray WHITE WARATAH ? @@@ 13 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—PROTEACEAE Page 109—Vol. 5 A coarse, erect shrub 3’ to 12’ high. Leaves linear-oblong or somewhat spathulate, spreading and shortly stalked, the apex with a blunt and occasionally notched apex, margins entire. Leathery and light, shining green, 2" to 4" long. The flowers are borne in long, numerous terminal spikes, a number of these spikes making up one “flowering head”, 2 to 6" long. The individual flowers are small, regular with 4 slightly recurving, linear lobes, '%8” to %" long and free at the base. White or creamy yellow in colour, each flower subtended by a small bract. Stamens inserted at the base of the petals, free from them and somewhat shorter. Ovary small and obscurely triangular in shape. Style longer than the ovary and with a flattened stigma. Fruit a leathery follicle containing a single seed, the seed with three wings. Agastachys odorata is the only species in the genus and is confined to Tasmania. The propagation of this plant is somewhat difficult, seed being rather difficult to collect and germinate. Cuttings are rather chancy. Air layering or root divisions seem to be about the most successful methods of obtaining new plants. Agastachys spreads naturally by means of long adventitious roots which at various intervals give rise to small new plants. These, if dug up and carefully transplanted or potted will usually survive and develop into a strongly growing shrub. Air layering can be done by cutting a ring of cambium about %" to V4" wide from a Summer-hardened shoot and wrapping this in damp sphagnum moss and then a plastic bag. Roots form rather slowly, however once they have done so and the new nlant is severed from the parent and potted, a vigorous shrub is soon the result. Acid soils with a high humus content and copious amounts of water best suit Agastachys. Although a lover of cool moist conditions, Agastachys may be grown in the absence of any shade. GROWING WARATAH by A. L. Hargrave, Melbourne The “Tasmanian Waratah”, Telooea truncata does well in the same conditions as the “N.S.W. Waratah”, Telopea speciosissima. The best soil is the red mountain soil. It can be added to a good depth to whatever soil is already in the garden. Good drainage is essential but plenty of moisture gives best results particularly in dry periods. From a foliage point of view the small tree formed by Telopea truncata makes it the best foliage Waratah for the garden. PROPAGATION—I germinate seed of all wildflowers using the same method in an unheated glasshouse. | use terracotta pots for seed sowing being porous they allow plenty of air circulation which | consider important. The mixture is a good sandy loam and 2/3 peat moss put through a 16th sieve. The seed is placed on top of the soil and covered with a thin layer of coarse sand. Plants are pricked out on the showing of their first pair of adult leaves and potted into a mixture of red mountain soil with an addition of well rotted leaves. For waratahs the seed must be fresh. WARATAH The true Waratah belong to the genus Telopea and the Tasmanian ‘‘Waratah’ is shown on the front cover. Previous issues give adequate instruction on the cultivation of the N.S.W. Waratah, Telopea speciosissima. What is generally known as the Queensland “Waratah’, Oreocallus pinnatum is described in our No. 37 issue where the name is mistakenly associated with O. wickhamii, a similar plant however. @@@ 14 @@@ Page 110—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—CULTIVATION June, 1969 GROWING WILDFLOWERS A Native Garden In Tasmania by A. M. Gray The establishment of o native garden in Tasmania differs little in treatment to one in any similar area in S.E. Australia. In a small island such as Tasmania, local conditions can vary greatly, in a matter of five miles as much as 2000" in altitude. One can live in an area of erratic rainfall coupled with frosty conditions in winter and warm dry conditions in summer. Such a place would be commonly encountered on Hobart’s eastern shore. On the other hand, to live at Ferntree or similar places higher up and closer to Wellington, one encounters wet winters, and summers which commonly experi- ence periods of misty weather, sometimes caused by the local sea breezes. These misty periods are of enormous heln when trying to establish a garden around a newly built house. Generally speaking, Tasmania enjoys a fairly regular and reliable rainfall, perhaps with the exception of the Midlands and lower East Coast. Thus making a native garden is quite straight-forward as long as a little commonsense is used. Rain-forest plants can be successfully grown on Hobart's Eastern shore, one garden that comes to mind boasts some fine specimens of the Myrtle beech—Nothofagus cunninghamii, Leatherwood—Eucryphia lucida and the Native Laurel—Anopterus glandulosa. Of course watering must be regular and the hose left to soak the ground for long periods. At Ferntree, in my garden. where the annual rainfall can be in excess of 50”, | can successfully grow plants which prefer arid or semi-arid conditions, Callitris tasmanica is one which comes to mind; this plant is only found on the East Coast where the rainfall may be as low as 10”-15” p.a. The requirements for plants such as these are a well drained, light soil and not too frequent watering except during very dry summer conditions. Soil plays an important part and except for some localities in the north-west and far south moist soils are poor and acid in nature. Generally little is needed for these soils as any number of interesting plants can be grown with complete success. The usual precautions pertaining to too wet or too dry a soil, frosts and wind are just as applicable to Tasmanian gardens as any on the Mainland. A point for most Tasmanians wishing to grow natives is not to exclude some of the wonderful plants from W.A. and similar places as, with care and commonsense any plant can be made or encouraged to produce its fullest beauty and proliferation in anv Tasmanian garden. RICHEA IN THE GARDEN Once established in pots, Richeas can go straight into the garden plot. About the only “dont” with Richeas, is dont let them get too dry! Exposure to sun, wind or frost is unimportant. At Ferntree, in my garden, | have a specimen of each species. All are doing extremely well, especially R. scooaria, R. procera and R. pandanifolia. As mentioned above, no care is given to them except that they have adequate water. All Richea prefer a heavy soil though not too much clay is desired. Soil which becomes waterlogged does not seem to worry Richea as long as there is reasonable aeration at various times. Sandy soils, lacking in humus are undesirable. No fertilizers are needed but a once yearly application of semi-rotted humus around the bush is beneficial. Be careful not to heap this mulch too close to the stem as collar rot could result. Growth is slow. @@@ 15 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—PROFAGATION Page 111—Vol. 5 Richea from Seed Seed can be germinated successfully if a couple of important factors are remembered. Firstly, seed must be collected whilst the capsules are still green, i.e. just prior to drving and opening. The “spike” of green capsules should then be placed in a brown paper bag and placed in a warm spot to dry out artificially. Once the seed has separated from the capsules it should be sown almost immediately, this is vital if some success in germination is to be obtained. Richea seed is very fine, so care must be exercised not to scatter it too thickly or too scarcely. A good propagating mixture can be made uo by mixing two parts of fine sand to one of finely shredded ““veat moss” or well decaved forest humus. The seed need not be covered, and gentle watering is indicated. Do not be surprised if the seed takes two or three seasons to germinate as it can well do. Seedlings are extremely small, but should be pricked into pots as soon as they are = " high as they form very long tap roots which may be damaged if an attempt is made to transplant at too large a size. Richea pandanifolia in foreground Athrotaxis cupressoides in rear. For descriptions and detailed sketches of Australian conifers including all those from Tasmania, see ‘‘Australian Plants” No. 34. Richea pandanifolia Hook. f. Grass-tree or Giant Heath, ‘pandani’ A large shrub or tree, 3’-50" high, occasionally branched, usually stunted at high altitudes; trunk bare, without noticeable leaf-scars at least at the lower (proximal) end. Leaves densely crowded into a crown at the top of the trunk, 1’-4’ long, strap-shaped, coarse, the margins serrate (often sharply so), the base sheathing, apex extended into a tapering point. Flowers in axilliary panicles, almost hidden amongst the leaves and almost covered by large bracts which fall early. Flowers very numerous, white or pink, each flower also subtended by 2-2 small bracts, also falling early. Sepals broad, stamens opening by a single slit. Petals (operculum) broadly conical and the apex rather flattened, shedded early. Fruiting capsules becoming deep crimson-brown after maturing and persisting for two or three seasons. See page 102 for a detailed sketch. Occurs in wet rainforests, gullies and sometimes extending to alpine moors and ridges where it usually becomes quite stunted. @@@ 16 @@@ Page 112—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—STREET TREES June, 1969 THE WHITE CEDAR A series on Street Trees by H. Oakman WHITE CEDAR (Melia azedarach) There are very few towns in Australia without an avenue or two of two of White Cedar trees. Along with the Kurrajong and Silky Oak, it is most plentiful in the smaller towns where upkeep presents a problem. Its popularity diminishes however as townships progress; concrete footpaths for instance direct attention to its habit of regularly producing an abundance of yellow fruits with hard pea-sized pits that make walking uncomfortable. The reasons why this tree is such a favourite are fairly obvious. The seed is readily obtainable in large quantities and seedlings can be raised without difficulty. Growth is rapid even in places with low rainfall and it appears to do equally well in raw sand or heavy clay. It thrives in a hot situation, can stand light frosts and is wind tolerant but not to the extent of being suitable for full exposure to coastal winds. Under city conclitions, the White Cedar does remarkably well as evidenced by the many excellent avenues in Adelaide. As o rule, maintenance is minimal as it naturally develops a single stem and a well formed rather open, sparse foliaged, umbrageous crown. When in rich soil, however, it is inclined to send out vigorous shoots that have to be reduced in length during its formative stage in order to produce a compact crown. The White Cedar is quite an attractive tree for most of the year. It is one of the very few native trees that is deciduous; it is also one of the small number of trees that can be relied on to provide a display of autumn foliage in the warmer regions. In early Spring, it produces a crop of fragrant, pale lilac flowers which completely cover the tree. These are in 6 to 8 inch panicles, the individual blooms are about %" across with narrow recurved lilac coloured petals; the stamens are contained in a small erect tube. Flowering time is during mid-Spring and seldom extends over more than two weeks. The leaves are bipinnate, about 14 inches long. The leaflets are one to two inches long, pointed, almost oval and coarsely toothed. The young leaves, shoots and inflorescences are covered for a short period with a mealy stellate down. The flowers are generally followed by a profuse crop of yellow drupes about %2” in diameter. These remain on the tree until about mid-winter curing which time they are quite decorative. The fruits are claimed to be poisonous and in view of the often extensive plantings in country districts, this point is worth noting. J. H. Maiden cites many instances of pigs having died from eating the fruits. Farmers have also alleged that cattle and horses show ill affects from eating them. The White Cedar is widely naturalised throughout the world. The Australian plant is sometimes described as Melia azedarach var. australasica or Melia composita, although the latter name is regarded as a synonym for M. dubia. lts habitat is from just north of Sydney to the Burdekin River in Queensland. Bentham says that the Australian tree appears to be identical to Melia composita of East India, except for its more abundant tomentum and a larger drupe. In its native habitat it is found growing in association with Silky Oak (Grevillea robusta), Australian Red Ceclar (Cedrela australis) and White Beech (Gmelina leichhardti). @@@ 17 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—STREET TREES Page 113—Vol. 5 Average height is 35 but under forest conditions it varies from 70’ up to as high as 150'. Stem diameter is from 20" to 30". The White Cedar is a good example of the confusion often caused by common names. Some of these are: China Berry Tree which is the name most used in America. In Europe it was known as Paternosterbaum because of the general use made of its seeds as rosary beads after the pulp had been stewed off. In other places, the names include Pride of India, Pride of China, Pride of Persia, Persian Llilac, Wild Lilac, Texan Umbrella Tree, Bead Tree, Holy Tree. In the Australian timber trade, it is generally referred to as White Cedar, but it is also fairly well known as Bastard Cedar and Tulip Cedar. The wood is not white but a streaky bacon, light red; it is soft, light and easily worked and has been used in cabinet work, for handles and as panelling. It is brittle and not durable outdoors. Interesting points about this tree are that its bark can be used to stupify fish and that in Malaya, it is regarded as sacred, the flowers being used in religious ceremonies. In India, the leaves are considered edible. lts seeds are oily and inflammable. Eucalyptus stricklandii A member, J. Haywood, planted this tree in the footpath of Howard Road, Canterbury, Sydney, in the poor brick-clay to yellow loam area. It is five years old and has formed this ideal shape without pruning. @@@ 18 @@@ Page 114—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE June, 1969 GUM TREES FROM SEED by A. M. GRAY PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION OF TASMANIAN EUCALYPTS All of the Tasmanian Eucalypts germinate easily and are simple to cultivate, no difficulties should be encountered as lona as a few simple rules are observed. They are: 1. The best seed is that collected from capsules which are at least two to three seasons old. Although the capsules may be fully formed at the end of the first season the seed will require at least another one or two seasons to fully mature. 2. If the capsules are picked whilst still green, they are best left in the umbels, still attached to a section of twig until they are sufficiently ripe. 3. Plant the seed in linht porous materials and never more than 1/8” in depth of soil covering them. 4. Water only sparingly, otherwise damping-off may be a problem. 5. Prick out into tubes or small pots as soon as the seedlings have “hardened off”. 6. The use of manures or fertilizers in the seed or pottina soil is unnecessary. 7. Sterilize the soil (bv heat) if possible. | have gained consistent results by usina the following mediums: a. For sowing seed, equal parts by volume of coarse bush sand and light, natural compost or forest humus. Scatter the seed fairly thickly (especially the seed of the Macrantherous types) and cover with sand or mixture to no more than 1/8”. In normal circumstances, good seed should germinate within 2-4 weeks. Water snaringly before and after germination; if damping-off occurs, sprinkle thinly with “Thiram 80", “Zebtox”, Bordeau or any reputable fungicide; repeat the application in about 7 days if the condition still exists. Seedlings should be left in a sheltered position outdoors (protect from frost, heavy rain or hot sun) to harden, this should take about a fortnight according to conditions. b. Potting: Accordina to the natural habitat of the narticular species, the potting soil should be either acid or neutral in reaction. Mix equal parts by volume of “peaty” loam, compost and sand for acic preferring species, and for those which do not reouire this type of soil, equal parts of sand (coarse), light compost and topsoil from a mudstone area. Carefully lift the seedlings with a clump of soil adherina to the roots and nlace into a pot or tube, do not over tiahten the soil, water sparingly and keep under shelter until the plants become established. When planting into a permanent position probably the most important thing is to stake the young tree firmlv, as Eucalynts dislike beina blown about and loosened. Make sure the plant has adequate water, especially during the drier months. Lepping or pollarding can be carried out on Eucalyptus trees, it is best done when the tree has reached about 12. These procedures cause the tree to halt its upward arowth and spread out and become more compact, it also prevents a tall growing species from getting out of hand and growing too tall. As mentioned earlier, some types are susceptible to sawfly or scale insect attack. A close watch should be kept, especially on the juvenile foliaae and the appronriate control methods carried out. Editor's Note: Readers interested in the garden care of Eucalypts especially in cold climates are recommended to refer to an excellent series of articles commencing in ‘“‘Australian Plants”” Issue No. 30 of Vol. 4. @@@ 19 @@@ June 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS— MYRTACEAE Page 115—Vo'. ~ Tasmanian Eucalypts by A. M. GRAY Tasmania possesses 25 distinct species of the genus Eucalyptus. Whilst this is verv few when compared with the total number of known species (+450), half of them are endemic to this state. Many hybrids exist, however but it would be irrelevant to include any descriptions of these in this article, not only because of the large numbers involved, but also because no two hybrids are quite the same. All of the endemic Eucalypts adapt very readily to cultivation and all make very attractive garden specimens, whether it be the tiny E. vernicosa—"Varnished Gum”—which seldom ever exceeds 5-10’, or the lofty E. johnstonii—"Yellow Gum”—which often grows to 150’ or even 200’. Seed is the only practical method of propagation. There are eight sections of the genus Eucalyptus, only two of which are represented in Tasmania, they are: (a) Macrantherae and (b) Renantherae. The Macrantherae include those trees usually called the “Gums”; whilst the Ash and Peppermint groups belong to the Renantherae section. (a) Macrantherae—'"Gums’’ Anthers oblong to obovate, versatile, both lobes parallel. Connective having a large gland on the upper portion. The section is characterized (at least in the Tas. sp.) by having 1-3-7 flowers in the umbel, E. globulus and E. vernicosa contain 1; E. globulus very rarely has 3; E. vernicosa ocasionally has 3 but usually two are aborted. E. aggregaia and E. ovata usually possess 5-7 flowers, 7 being the commonest. Multi-flowered variants of the 3-flowered grouo are rare. The fertile seeds are few in number per capsule, flat, black and irregular in outline; infertile seec's very numerous, small and reddish brown in colcur. The essential oils cineole (sold by chemists, etc. as “Eucalyptus oil”) and ohellandrine, an oil with a slightly sweet cdour, are evident when the leaves are bruised or crushed. The seedlings have reniform (kidney shaped) cotyledons. The Macrantherous Eucalyptus occurring in Tasmania are:- 1. E. ovata—also found in Vic., N.SSW. and S.A.; 2. E. aggregata in N.S.W. 3. E. viminalis—also found in Vic.,, N.SSW. and S.A.; 4. E. perriniana found in Vic. and N.S.W. 5. E. bicostata—also found in Flinders Island, Vic. and N.S.W. 6. E. globulus—also found at Wilson’s Promontory, Vic. 7. E. rubida—also found in Vic.,, N.SSW., S.A. and QIld. 8. E. dalrympleana—the Tas. species is said to differ somewhat from that found in Vic. & N.S.W. 9. E. morrisbyi; 10. E. gunnii; 11. E. urnigera; 12. E. johnstonii; 13. E. vernicosa; 14. E. cordata. The last 6 species are endemic to Tasmania and are described below. Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. f. Cider-gum (Includes E. archeri and E. divaricata) A small tree up to 50 high. Bark deciduous, persistent at the base, scaly on the upper trunk and limbs, brownish-grey or green and orange in colour, twigs green or glaucous, rugulose or smooth. Adult leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate to lanceolate, green or glaucous, coriaceous, 2”-31" long, apex acute, margins entire. Juvenile leaves opposite, sessile, broadly elliptical or almost orbicular, base cordate, apex rounded or emarginate, margin entire or subcrenulate, green to glaucous. Buds sessile or sub-sessile 37 long occasionally glaucous, receptacle cylindrical or =+ urceolate, operculum shorter than the receptacle apex pointed. Umbels 3-flowered. Capsule cylindrical to ovoid-truncate about 3" long, disc sunken, valves 3-4 erect, enclosed. Seeds typical of the “gum™ section. Occurs in stands on the central plateau at altitudzs from 2000-3500" usually in poorly drained, boggy situations. Recorded hybrids, E. gunnii x dalrympleana; E. gunnii x johnstonii. also found also @@@ 20 @@@ Page 116—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE June, 1969 E. gunnii is similar to E. morrisbyi but as for Mainland species, any comparison would be misleading. The timber of this tree was used in making staves for cider casks—hence its common name—Cider gum. It is easily grown provided it is planted in a wet situation and makes a good garden specimen as it is- only a small tree: the foliage is somewhat sparse. Eucalyptus gunnii x '3 Eucalyptus morrisbyi x s Leaves — mature fruits — buds — Fruits — adult leaves — buds — juvenile juvenile leaves. leaves. Eucalyptus morrisbyi R. G. Brett. Morrisby’s Gum A small tree 20’-50" high, all parts more or less glaucous. Bark deciduous, rough and scaly at the base, upper trunk and branches smooth, whitish grey to pink. Twigs smooth, glaucous, pappilose. Adult leaves alternate, petiolate lanceolate, glaucous, 3”-5" long, 1"-1” broad, margin thick, entire. Juvenile leaves opposite, glaucous, sessile, orbicular or broader than long, base cordate, apex rounded or emarginate, margin subcrenulate; 37-1" long, #7-13” wide. Buds sessile or with short pedicels approx. 3 long, glaucous operculum shorter than the receptacle, hemispherical and umbonate. Umbels 3-flowered on peduncles which are often flattened; 47 long. Capsules glaucous = 37 long cylindrical-ovoid truncate disc rounded, sunken, valves erect or sometimes sunken and the tips exsert. Fertile seeds fairly numerous. No recorded hybrids. Morrisby’s gum is a fairly rare species known only to occur in two localities in S.E. Tas. at about 50-500° altitudes and on poor. dry mudstones. It is somewhat similar in general appearance to E. gunnii as far as its likeness to other species is concerned. E. gunnii would be probably the nearest similar species. E. morrishyi has only recently been described and because of the rarity of this species, little is known about it. As a garden specimen it would be admirably suited to a dry locality with poor soils, it is only a small to medium sized tree therefore it could suitably be planted in a small garden. It grows readily frem seed. The juvenile foliage is rather susceptible to saw-fly attack, it would therefore be necessary to keep a close watch on the young tree. @@@ 21 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE Page 117—Vol. 5 N N / Z ] B ” fé-——/ Bilalerany b = ][\ % Btlalenuy. Eucalyptus wuinigera x ' Eucalyptus johnstonii x '» Buds — adult leaves — fruits Adult leaves — fruits — juvenile leaves Eucalyptus urnigera Hook. f. Urn-gum A small or sometimes large tree, 10’-25’ in exposed situations, but reaching 8§0-100" in sheltered places. Bark deciduous, shedded in small flakes, trunk and branches smooth, light, grey with blotches of green and reddish-brown. The tree may be green or glaucous, usually according to altitude— the greater the altitude the more glaucous it becomes. Adult leaves alternate on long petioles, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Very dark green, thick and glossy, the older leaves of a glaucous tree usually becoming quite green and shining; leaves 27-6" long and 37-11" wide. Juvenile leaves opposite, sessile, broadly elliptical or orbicular, base cordate, apex rounded or mucronulate, margins obscurely crenate, 1°-2” long and sometimes as broad, bright green or very glaucous. Buds sometimes on peduncles which are longer than the leaf petioles, brownish-green or glaucous 1" long receptable urceolate the operculum shorter than the receptacle, usually a little wider, margin rounded with apex umbonate. Umbels 3-flowered, capsules urceolate or rarely = pyriform 3”7-3” long, 4" in dia. Staminal ring narrow, disc sunken with deeply enclosed valves. Hybrids known: E. wurnigera x johnstonii x globulus. 1t has little similarity to any Mainland sp. however the capsules sometimes resemble smaller versions of those of E. ficifolia. E. wrnigera occurs abundantly on S. Tas. mountains at altitudes ranging from 2000-3500°, usually on well drained dolerite soils or scree slopes. The urn-gum is a very easy tree to grow and makes one of the finest garden specuncens, shapely and very graceful; careful pollarding enhances the shape. @@@ 22 @@@ Page 118—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE June, 1969 Eucalyptus johnstonii Maiden. Yellow-gum (Syn. E. muellerii); Includes E. subcrenulata Maiden & Blakely. A tall tree up to 150" high but tending to become small and stunted at higher altitudes, passing gradually into forms resembling E. vernicosa. Bark smooth though scaly at the base, trunk smooth, streaked reddish orange or green yellow where freshly exposed and especially when wet. Adult leaves alternate, stalked, falcate-lanceolate to ovate 2”7-6" long and 3”-17 wide, apex acute. On trees at higher altitudes, broadly elliptical-ovate with apex apiculate or rounded, margins subcrenulate; green, glossy and coriaceous. Juvenile leaves opposite, shortly petiolate or sessile ovate-orbicular, apex rounded and blunt or apiculate 17-2” long, glossy-green, the margins subcrenulate. Buds sessile 17-1" long, rugulose, brownish-grey, receptacle flattened at the base, sometimes angular; operculum shorter than the receptacle, bluntly conical or flattened with apex umbonate. Umbels 2-flowered on short thick flattened peduncles. Capsule hemispherical, turbinate or campanulate i”-1" in dia. greenish-brown, rugulose with 2 prominent ribs, disc flat, prominent, margins rounded 3-4 valves, =xsert, ercct. Few fertile seeds per capsule. Occurs on mountains from 2,000-4,000" in the S.W. and central plateau mestly on wet, poorly drained sandstones. Hybrids recorded E. johnstonii x globulus, E. johnstonii x wurnigera. No definite similarities to any Mainland Eucalypt. Sceme botani ts believe E. johnstonii and E. vernicosa to be connected by a number of cline forms, these being E. johnstonii—E. subcrenulata—E. columnaris—E. parvula —E. vernicosa. E. johnstonii being found at lower altitudes, ranging through the other three to E. vernicosa at the highest. The 3 connecting forms possessing characters intermediate between E. johnstonii and E. vernicosa according to asrect and altitude. E. johnstonii makes a fine specimen tree for a wet situation, is easily grown and flowers when quite young. It is however susceptible to saw-fly and scale-insect attack, however proper spraying procedures would counteract this. The timber of E. johnstonii is occasionally used in cabinet making etc. teing soft and easily worked and of a light pink-tan colour. In sub-alpine rainforests, the Yellow-gum is easily recognised by its bright trunk colours, when it has been raining (as it usually always is in these districts) the trunks, tall, branchless and straight, glow with greens ¢nd yellows almost as if they had been freshly painted with enamel, whilst the crown of leaves is deep, glossy green. Eucalyptus vernicosa Hook. f. Varnished-gum A shrub of mallee habit, usually not much exceeding 12’ high. Bark light brown, deciduous. Adult and juvenile leaves very similar in form, sessile or shortly stalked, opposite though the upper ones may be slightly alternate, oblong to broadly elliptical, apex rounded or apiculate, base rounded; 3”-i" broad, green, very glossy, coriaceous, margins obscurely crenate. Buds about 1" long brownish, rugulose, operculum: shorter than the receptacle, conical with a pointed apex. Umbels with a solitary capsule or with 3-fruit, sessile. Capsule hemispherical to sub-cylindrical or campanulate, 3" long, disc flat valves level or slightly exsert. Very few fertile seeds per capsule. This is an alpine species usually cccurring from 2000 in the S.W. to 5000’ on mountains of the West and central plateau on well drained slopes and ridges, preferably on slightly acid soils. No known hybrids. E. vernicosa is another species possessing no marked differences between adult and juvenile leaf forms. It is a species with little resemblance to any Mainland sp. The leaves are very glossy and appear almost as if they had been polished with wax. The most common appearance of the plant is a low, straggling specimen, pruned by prevailing winds and growing bushy and compact, often hard to distinguish as a Eucalypt when among other low growing alpine shrubs. Its worth in the garden is rather doubtful as it is very slow-growing. It would most likely do well in a shaded, damp rockery in a cool district. 1 have seen a plant of E. vernicosa in a garden at least 10 years old and only 18" high but flowering. Although seeds are hard to get, it grows readily and is not so susceptible to “damping-oft” as a lot of other Eucalypts can be. Eucalyptus cordata Labill. Silver-gum A shrub with mallee habit or a tall tree in favourable situations up to 70° high. The whole tree very glaucous. Bark deciduous, trunk smooth, white, blotched with green and purple or grey and greenish yellow. Adult and juvenile leaves similar in form, 17-3" long, sometimes as broad or broader than long. Orbicular to ovate-cordate, apex rounded, apiculate or emarginate; very glaucous, sessile, stem-clasping, opposite. Margins obscurely crenate. Buds sessile approx. 1” long, operculum hemispherical with a small projection at the apex, shorter than the receptacle. Umbels 3 flowered, peduncles i-i" long. Capsules hemispherical @@@ 23 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE Page 119—Vol. 5 to turbinate, glaucous, approx. %" long disc sunken with deeply enclosed valves. Fertile seeds flat, black and irregular in shape, infertile seeds numerous, reddish- brown, small and elongated. Eucalyptus cordata occurs in damo situations, 500’-2000" in S.E. Tasmania. It has known to have hybridized with E. globulus (blue gum). E. cordata resembles E. pulverulenta or E. cosmophylla. It has the peculiarity of not having any clearly defined adult and juvenile foliage, both forms are so similar that no positive differences can be defined. When grown in the garden it makes a fine specimen, cone-shaped with dense, bluish-white tinged foliage. It grows readily and easily from seed. Quite a few specimens of this tree can be seen in Hobart gardens. Eucalyptus vernicosa x ' Eucalyptus cordata x ' Adult leaves and buds — adult leaves and Adult leaves and fruit and buds — juvenile fruit. leaves. (b) Renantherae Anthers reniform (kidney shaped) the lobes diverging at the base and joined at the apex, sub-versatile; small gland at the too of the connective. The umbels mostlv contain more than 3 flowers, any number between 5-30 and usually not in any definite arrangement or number according to the species. Seeds usually similar in form, wedge-shaped, the fertile ones mostly rather larger than the infertile ones and darker in colour; both usually occur in roughly equal numbers. The essential oil in this section is chiefly piperitone; phellandrene and pinene also may be present with phellandrine usually more abundant in the “Ash” grouo. Seedlings with cotyledons broadly obovate, entire or emarginate. @@@ 24 @@@ Page 120—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE June, 1969 The Renantherous Eucalypts occurring in Tasmania are: (a) “Ash” group 1. E. regnans—also found in Vic. 2. E. obliqua—also found in Vic., N.SSW. and S.A. 3. E. delegatensis (syn. E. gigantea)—also found in Vic. and N.S.W. (b) “Peppermint” group 4. E. pauciflora—also found in Vic.. N.SW. and S.A. 5. E. sieberiana—also found in Vic. and N.S.W. 6. E. linearis; 7. E. coccifera; 8. E. amygdalina (syn. E. salicifolia); 9. E. risdoni; 10. E. tasmanica; 11. E. simmondsii. The last six species are endemic to Tasmania and are described as follows: Eucalyptus linearis x /3 Eucalyptus coccifera x '3 Adult leaves — fruit — buds — juvenile Juvenile leaves — buds showing multi- leaves. fruited and three-fruited forms — three- fruited forms — adult leaves. Eucalyptus linearis Dehn. “White’’ or ‘‘narrow-leaved’’ Peppermint A tree 20°-50’. Bark deciduous, trunk smooth, white with streaks and blotches of light and dark grey. Adult and juvenile leaves similar in form, though the juvenile leaves smaller and opposite for 4-5 pairs. Adult leaves alternate, narrow- linear to linear-lanceolate, sometimes falcate, shortly stalked 2’-5" long, #”-1” wide (juvenile leaves 17-13” long = 4" wide) green, occasionally slightly glaucous. Buds on short pedicels about 3" long, club-shaped, operculum shorter than the receptacle, hemispherical. Umbels with =+ 5-15 flowers on flattened peduncles about %” leng. Capsules almost hemispherical or pyriform-truncate 1” in dia., disc flat, sometimes slightly sunken, valves level or enclosed. Brownish- grey. Fertile and abortive seeds similar fn form and in more or less equal numbers. It has known to have hybridized with E. amygdalina. Vaguely resembles E. amygdalina. E. linearis is quite common in the S.E. of state mostly around Hobart. Prefers soils of dolerite origin at altitudes 500’-1500° with fairly low rainfall. Easily the most graceful of Tasmanian Eucalypts, with its fine foliage and symmetrical form; an excellent garden specimen. Very easy to propagate and a rapid grower, can be kept pruned to form a low, compact bush. @@@ 25 @@@ June, 1509 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE Page 121—Vol. 5 Eucalyptus coccifera Hook. f. “Tasmanian Snow Gum” A tall tree up to 100" or a stunted shrub at high altitudes. Bark deciduous, trunk smooth, white, streaked with grey and blotched with light pink or yellow. All parts glaucous to green; young twigs, especially those on the juvenile parts pappilose and crimson in colour. Adult leaves alternate, petiolate, elliptical to elliptical-ovate, 27-4” long, 17-i” wide = glaucous. Apex acute or acuminate, often recurved to form a small “hook™. Juvenile leaves opposite, sessile, broadly elliptical to cordate, apex acute or acuminate, 17-13” long, 1”-17 wide. Leaves with characteristics intermediate between adult and juvenile often occur. Buds sessile or on short pedicels, club-shaped with longitudinal ridges =+ rugulose, 17-1" long, operculum shorter than the receptacle, hemispherical, apex sunken, rugulose. Umbels with 3, or 5-10 flowers. The trees occurring on Mt. Wellington possess 3-flowered umbels, resembling the umbel of a Macrantherous species, however in all other localities the umbels are multi-fruited. Capsule hemispherical or broadly turbinate-truncate smooth or with 2 small ribs. Size very variable 1”-3” in diameter. Disc broad and flat, valves level. Seeds numerous, dark brown. On the mainland E. pauciflora occupies the ecological position filled in Tasmania by E. coccifera and is also known as “Snmow Gum™. Recorded hybrid: E. coccifera x amygdalina. E. coccifera occurs on most Tasmanian mountains at altitudes from 2000-5000’. Sometimes forming pure stands on well drained, rocky soils. Along with E. vernicosa, this Eucalypt is truly an alpine species, withstanding extreme cold and exposure; trees on the tops of high ridges in the path of the S.W. gales bent and twisted and growing almost horizontally. Easily grown and suitable for planting in colder districts with good rainfall. Eucaluyptus amyodalina x ' Eucalypntus risdoni x 2 Buds — adult leaves — fruits — juvenile Juvenile leaves — fruits (below) — adult leaves. leaves. @@@ 26 @@@ Page 122—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE June, 1969 Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. “Black Peppermint’’ (Syn. E. salicifolia) A tree up to 50’ or shrubby and with mallee habit. Bark persistent over all the tree, but occasionally deciduous on the extreme upper trunk and branches; dark-grey, rough and finely fibrous. Adult leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, lanceolate-falcate, lanceolate or almost linear, 2”-4" long and 1"-}" wide. The leaf size in E. amygdalina is very variable, some trees in the N.E. of the state having broader leaves than the size quoted above; on the E. Coast some trees possess leaves which are almost identical with those of E. linearis, i.e. very narrow. Juvenile leaves somewhat similar in form to the adult leaves but smaller, opposite and tending to be more glaucous than the adult forms and occasionally the bases =+ stem-clasping. Buds club-shaped on short pedicels, operculum hemi- spherical, shorter than the receptacle. Umbels with = 5-20 flowers, peduncles terete about 17-1" long. Capsule = hemispherical or pyriform-truncate, about 1" in dia., disc level or slightly sunken; valves level or the tips exsert. A large number of seeds per capsule, all very similar in form. Quite a considerable number of hybrids have been recorded, these are E. amygdalina x coccifera and with E. simmondsii, E. linearis, E. risdoni (E. tenuiramis), E. pauciflora (resembles E. vitrea), E. sieberiana (E. taeniola). Eucalyptus amygdalina is similar to the Mainland species E. nitida or E. radiata. E. amygdalina occurs mainly in the eastern half of Tasmania, mostly on poor, acid, peat-soils. In the West and S.W. it is replaced by E. simmondsii. The timber of E. amygdalina makes excellent firewood, but perhaps its most useful property is that it is very long lasting and rot-resisting, therefore being extensively used for fence posts and other jobs which bring the timber into contact with the ground. Though not the most attractive of garden specimens, it can never-the-less be planted in a large garden where it has plenty of room to expand, as it is a tree with a rather large, spreading crown when grown on its own. With careful attention it can be formed into a pleasingly, graceful tree. Eucalyptus risdoni Hook. f. “Risdon Peppermint’’ A tree 15-50" high, very glaucous in all parts. Bark deciduous, trunk smooth, retaining the circular leaf-scars until the first bark is shed. Light grey to creamish-white, sometimes with pale pink blotches. Adult and juvenile leaves similar in form, opposite perfoliate, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute or apiculate; very glaucous, the complete adult pair 2”-5" long, 17-2” wide. The whole tree has a bluish-white appearance. Buds sessile or on short pedicels, club-shaped 1”-3" long, glaucous: operculum shorter than the receptacle, hemisphericai. Umbels with 7-20 flowers, peduncle about 3" long, terete. Capsule nearly hemispherical or pyriform-truncate; about 4" in diameter. Disc level or slightly sunken, valves level or znclosed. Hybrid recorded: E. risdoni x E. amygdalina. Seeds light in colour, fertile seeds not very numerous. E. risdoni occurs on very dry, poor mudstones at sea level to 500’ in a restricted locality in S.E. Tas. This species is in some circumstances variable, some seedlings not coming true to type. Whether this is due to hybridization or a throw-back to some obscure, ancient parent type, is not certain. E. risdoni resembles a juvenile tree of E. tasmanica or at a distance, juvenile E. perriniana (*“spinning gum”). It is a very worthwhile tree for the garden as it never grows too large; it is in many respects superior to E. perriniana as it needs no pruning to retain the unusual perfoliate foliage. Rather susceptible to scale-insect attack! Eucalyptus simmondsii Maiden. “’Smithton Peppermint’’ A tree 30-50° high. Bark persistent on the trunk deciduous on the branches and extreme upper trunk coarse, fibrous, tan to dark grey. The exposed trunk and branches yellowish-green. Adult leaves alternate, petiolate, narrow elliptical to elliptical sometimes falcate, narrowed at the base, apex acute; 27-4" long, 4"-3" wide, coriaceous. Juvenile leaves opposite sessile or shortly petiolate; base rounded or cordate, apex acute or acuminate. Glaucous to green. The margins smooth, sometimes tinged with red, as also the midrib. Buds shortly pedicillate, clavate, 17-1” long; operculum hemispherical, shorter than the receptacle. Umbels with 10-25 flowers, penduncles terete or = flattened, about 3" long. Capsule almost hemispherical or turbinate-truncate about %” in diameter, disc flat or convex: valves level. Seeds numerous, the fertile ones larger and darker than the abortive ones. The only known hybrid is E. simmondsii x E. amygdalina. Its similarity to any Mainland sp. is too obscure to submit any record. E. simmondsii is found in the West, N.W. and S.W. of the state, often on very acid soils in localities of very high rainfall. It is characteristic of the @@@ 27 @@@ June, 196y AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE Page 123—Vol. 5 “button-grass” (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus) moors, where it mostly occurs on the banks of creeks and small lakes, there being better drainage in these places. Occasionally E. simmondsii may occur in a typical “mallee” form, usually in places of great exposure or subject to the ravages of bush-fires. It ranges from sea-level to about 2000°, replacing E. amygdalina in the wetter, more acid areas. Little is known of its worth in the garden, it would be most suitable for a very wet district with sour soils. It is a graceful tree, so making it worth trying in the garden. Eucalyptus simmondsii x /3 Eucalyptus tasmanica x ' Fruits — adult leaves — juvenile leaves — Adult leaves — fruits (below) — buds — buds. intermediate leaves — juvenile leaves. Eucalyptus tasmanica Blakely. “Silver Peppermint’’ A tree 40’-80’ high, very glaucous throughout, the degree of glaucousness variable. Bark deciduous, trunk smooth, white or light grey with patches of pale yellow. Adult leaves alternate, petiolate, elliptical to lanceolate, falcate, apex acuminate or blunt 27-5” long, 4”-1" broad. Juvenile leaves opposite, sessile, rerfoliate, ovate-lanceolate, occasionally followed by an intermediate form broadly ovate, lanceolate, the base * cordate; 1”-4” long, 3-2” broad or brcader and larger. Buds on short pedicels, club-shaped about 1” long. Operculum shorter than the receptacle, flattened or = conical. Umbels containing 7-25 flowers on short thick peduncles. Capsule pyriform-truncate to hemispherical about %” long, 4”7 broad, disc slightly sunken or flat; valves level or enclosed. Seeds light in colour, fertile and abortive in same numbers and =+ equal in size. E. tasmanica may hybridize with E. amygdalina but no definite records are known. It occurs on very poor, dry mudstones in the S. and S.E. sometimes forming fairly extensive pure stands. In some isolated trees, the branches may be pendulous and a branch no more than %'-1” thick may hang down vertically for 10’-20. E. tasmanica is similar, in the juvenile form to the closely related E. risdoni. There is no close likeness to any particular mainland sp. An excellent garden specimen, easy to grow and very graceful, especially the pendulous form. It will stand dry soils which would discourage many other species. @@@ 28 @@@ Page 124—Vol. 5 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—EFACRIDACEAE June, 1969 RICHEA R.Br. by Betsy R. Jackes (Townsville University College) Richea, together with Dracophyllum and Sphenotoma, is at present included in the tribe Epacrideae, although various moves have been made to place these three genera in a separate tribe. They have several features in common, which serve to distinguish them from other members of the tribe. The three main characteristics are; the annular leaf scars left on the branches; the placentas suspended from an ascending recurved column; stomata paracytic as against stomata anomocytic as in the other genera. Richea continentis is the only Australian species found outside Tasmania. The distinctive feature of the genus is the corolla, which circumscisses near the base, so that the upper portion falls off leaving a persistent basal ring. The flowers form a dense terminal head, or a compound spike-like or branched panicle. KEY TO THE SPECIES A. Spikes simple or contracted into short heads Elongated compound spike or panicles B. Hypogenous disc absent: leaves broad Hypogenous disc present: leaves narrow C. Leaves shortly acuminate: anthers entire Leaves with long points: anthers deeply 2-lobed D. Leaves usually less than 1.5 cm. long. Stamens scarcely exceedmg the calyx Leaves 2-4 cm. long. Stamens 2-3 times length of calyx . E. Narrow spike-like panicle: leaves usually less than 15 cm. Much branched panicle, sometimes dense and with conspicuous w procera acerosa milliganii oD flowers. Leaves more than 15 CM, IONE .........iimmimiimimismmmesseasassisnssssssssssoss 1 F. Leaves fall off early leaving the stem with prominent annular scars . R. gunnii Leaves persistent on older stems and decaying in position ... G Inflorescence interrupted, mainland Australia Inflorescence dense, not interrupted: Tasmania H. Leaves + spreading, often somewhat recurved: broad leaf sheath remains intact or falls with the leaf ... ¥ 4 Leaves erect, appressed: margins of leaf sheath decay leaving narrow central portion which eventually falls with the leaf . I. Leaves 15-30 cm. long; flowers white Leaves 60-120 cm. long, flowers often reddisl NOTES ON THE SPECIES 1. Richea sprengelioides (R.Br.) F. Muell. A small bushy shrub. The cream operculum is much longer than the calyx, it falls off leaving a persistent annular base about half the length of the calyx. The filaments are smooth and filiform. Tasmanian mountains. 2. Richea procera (F. Muell.) F. Muell. A tall shrub usually exceeding 2 m. high. The floral characteristics are similar to R. sprengelioides except for the stamens. The filaments are thickened and usually minutely pubescent: above the micdle, whilst the anthers are divided into two lobes above the point of attachment to the filament. Tasmania to 2,500 feet. 3. Richea acerosa (Lindl.) F. Muell. The erect or spreading, narrow leaves taper into a pungent point: lanceolate-subulate they are about 1.5 cm. leng. however, they get progressively smaller as they pass into the short floral leaves. The hypogynous scales around the ovary are usually bifid, the long points frequently projecting above the ovary. This species occurs in Tasmania on the mountains of the central plateau and west. 4. Richea milliganii (Hook. f.) F. Muell. An erect shrub, 1.5-2m. high, the lanceolate leaves are crowded at the ends of the branches. The apex of the yellowish-cream operculum opens to form five very short teeth. Occurs in Tasmania on the west coast mountains and in Mount Field National Park. continentis scoparia R . R. angustifolia R. dracoohulla 0 R. pandanifolia @@@ 29 @@@ June, 1969 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—EFACRIDACEAE Page 125—Vol. 5 5. Richea gunnii Hook. f. “Mountain Heath”. Originally this species was thought to occur in the Southern Alps of Victoria and N.S.W., however, re-examination lead to the recognition of the mainland specimens as a new species R. continentis. R. gunnii is found on mountains often associated 0 " §\’f ‘\9”‘, N W i AN KRN 5 N §,( v - = % \ = N o, R¥ A = a A\‘\l\- £ &