'Australian Plants' Vol.7 No.58 March 1974

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PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN 15,000 COPIES

Registered for posting as a periodical— MARCH, 1974 Volume 7, No. 58
Category B Volume 7 will comprise issues 53-60
Recommended Price: 50c

Photography by J. Maconochie

SENECIO GREGORII

WILDFLOWERS OF CENTRAL AUST



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Page 254—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

Dry Area Gardening and Plants of the Centre
by Robert Dalby, Alice Springs

Gardening in a hot dry climate is not necessarily a heart breaking
experience. There are a number of environmental factors which can make
gardening difficult—climate is only one factor.

When moving from one part of Australia to another as | have done
during the last six years—from Adelaide to Darwin and then to Alice Springs,
one begins to realise the importance of not only rainfall but also the
importance of soil acidity/alkalinity, salt content, humidity, day length and
temperature variation between Summer and Winter.

Shortly after my arrival in Alice Springs four years ago, | wondered at
the prospect of establishing a garden oasis in the semi arid centre where
summers are hot and dry from October to March, and winters can be bitterly
cold overnight, but warm during the day. Humidity varies between 10%
and 20% for most of the year and the annual average rainfall is 25 cm.

At that time, the gardens in the “established suburbs” of East Side
and the Racecourse area consisted mostly of Kikuyu or Couch grass lawns,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River gums transplanted from the creek beds),
Melia azedarach (White Cedar), Oleander, Tamarisk (Athol Pine) and Citrus.
For those adventurous types these were supplemented by Hibiscus, Jacaranda,
Tecoma, Grevillea robusta, Fiddlewood, Brachychiton species, and some
exotic creepers. Whilst they all seemed quite healthy—in spite of frost
risk to some—there didn’t seem to be much scope for a garden of variety.
Then | noticed the street trees—some had been supplied from Darwin, which
were tropical species—but others looking much more at home in the local
environment were eucalypts and acacias, mostly West Australian species from
the 8”7-12” rainfall area of that State. Also in the new area of Gillen other
native plants were present in newly established gardens. Mrs. Calder, an
inaugural member of the Alice Springs group of S.G.A.P. had established
a garden nursery and was endeavouring to interest others.

During the last four years | have been amazed at the variety of flora
which can be grown in the Centre and also the rate of growth. The growing
season extends from September to the end of May, sometimes early June.
The soil is generally neutral and is of sand/gravel composition, having
excellent drainage and reasonable water retention characteristics. Some areas
are troubled by salt and this has dampened the enthusiasm of some who
have seen their hibiscus and jacarandahs struggling to survive.

In addition to those already mentioned the following is a general list
of suitable genera for this area. Most have been described in previous
issues so refer to index to ‘‘Australian Plants” vols. 1-6 for description,
colour plates, etc.

Eucalyptus species from West Australia 8”-25" rainfall. Eucalyptus species
from Central Australia as well as: Eucalyptus leucoxylon rosea, E. cladocalyx
nana, E. citriodora.

Acacia saligna, A. podalyriifolia, A. cardiophylla, A. iteaphylla.

Melaleuca species from West Australia 107-25” rainfall. Also Melaleuca
hypericifolia, M. armillaris, M. erubescens.

Casuarina cunninghamiana, C. cristata, C. glauca, C. stricta.

Hakea—Central Australian species as well as: Hakea commutata, H.
suaveolens, H. nitida, H. bucculenta, H. francisiana.

Grevillea species from Central Australia as well as: Grevillea robusta,
G. rosmarinifolia, G. banksii.

Cassia species from Central Australia:

Callistemon viminalis, “Gawler hybrid”, C. “Captain Cook™”, C. violaceus,
C. phoeniceus, C. citrinus.

Anigozanthos manglesii, Calothamnus villosus, C. quadrifidus, Hardenbergia
violacea, Kennedya rubicunda, Templetonia retusa.

(Continued on page 278)



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 255—Vol. 7

THE FLORA OF THE AUSTRALIAN ARID ZONE

by J. R. Maconochie, Alice Springs

The flora of the Australian Arid Zone like the floras of other arid zone
areas has many similar characteristics in that each has had to develop
adaptations by which they could survive in desert conditions. In terms of
botanical composition the flora is unique as is the rest of the Australian flora.
The dominant tree-shrub is usually a member of the genus Acacia i.e.
Mulga (A. aneura); Gidyea (A. cambagei or A. georginae). The areas in which
the hummock grasses (Triodia and Plectrachne spp.) or the tussock grasses
(Astrebla spp.) dominate the scene often have Acacia spp. as a minor
shrub component. See page 260 for “Acacia of the Centre” with colour.

In general the arid flora falls into three main groups:

(1) The Drought Escapers
(2) The Drought Evaders
(3) The Drought Endurers or Resistors

The drought escapers are the fast growing annual plants which respond
to small but effective falls of rain and complete their life cycle in a few
weeks. Some common examples are the annual composites i.e. Helipterum
and Helichrysum spp. and many of the annual grasses.

Following the heavy winter rains the desert literally “blooms” with
the many and magnificently coloured wild flowers, such as the wild daisies,
geraniums, peaflowers and pussytails.

Once the summer commences these annuals wither and die depositing
their seed in the soil by different mechanisms.

The drought evaders are the trees or shrubs which are deciduous
and rapidly lose their leaves during a drought period. This mechanism
of shedding leaves and going into a dormant phase appears to be a means
of conserving water during drought. Some examples are the “Desert Kurrajong”
(Brachychiton gregorii), ‘“Stuart Bean Tree” (Erythrina vespertilio) and *“Old
Man Saltbush” (Atriplex nummularia).

The third group, the drought endurers, are plants with some structural
modification in their leaves or stems by which they reduce their water loss
during dry periods. Visitors to the arid zone will find that many of the plants
have a grey-green appearance and not the bright vivid greens of the tropical
and temperate regions. This appearance may be due to a waxy bloom or
surface structures such as hairs and vesicles which appear to be mechanisms
to reduce water loss and also reflect light and heat at the Ileaf
surface.

The seeds of many of the arid plants have structures which protect
the embryo from the harsh arid environments. Many of the legumes have
thick waxy cuticles which prevent water loss and also water penetration.

This is one of the reasons why people often have difficulty in germinating
these seeds. The common gardening practices of nicking the seed or soaking
in hot water can often remedy this situation.

When these species are being considered for home gardens it must
be remembered that their natural habitat is an area of low rainfall and
very poor soils. These plants respond vigorously to adequate water and
careful fertilizing but when in excess can cause water logging or toxic
effects. Judicious pruning can improve the appearance of many natives.

There are many devious mechanisms by which these plants are able to
survive in the district but it must be remembered that it took many years
for the flora to develop. With this thought in mind, it must be realised
that these areas must be carefully utilised and conserved so that they are
not destroyed but continue to provide the good beef that pleases our
palate and the natural beauty which appeals to our aesthetic senses.



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Page 256—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

WILDFLOWERS AROUND ALICE SPRINGS

The series of articles up to page 277 are based upon a number of
talks given by Mr. D. J. Nelson over the local radio station at Alice Springs.
They were so well presented that readers here will be interested; certainly
tourists to the area will be. | have tried to edit it to suit this publication
but at the same time preserve his pleasant style that enthralled the people
of Alice Springs—Editor.

EUCALYPTUS GAMOPHYLLA—"Blue Mallee”

A small mallee with blue-green juvenile foliage, flowers white, fruits small. Mostly
seen in deep red sand with spinifex where it can form distinctive vegetation units.
It is frequently associated with ‘‘Desert Oak’’, see page 259.

We see above a scene typical of almost 1/6th of the area of the centre; red sand
with gravel deep below and a variable cover of spinifex grass. in this case Triodia
basedownii. The trees in the background are Eucalyptus camaldulensis growing along a
water course, usually dry. On page 324 of Volume No. 5, you may see a good colour
plate of these trees growing in a flooded water course.

While the blue mallee shown here is Eucalyptus gamophylla, see page 258 for
description, in a similar scene north of Alice Springs a very similar mallee clump would
be Eucalyptus pachyphylla. South of Alice Springs the blue mallee clump will probably
be Eucalyptus oxymitra.



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 257—Vol. 7
pip OV IR e e T e e s e i L Wi A NS

A TYPICAL EUCALYPT

Even in the centre there are Australian Eucalypts, their typical flowers
being shown below. The series of articles by Des Nelson commence first
with a description of the common Eucalypts, other trees, shrubs and hence
to small flowering plants. The plants described have found wide use in
gardens and inland properties as described by succeeding articles.

EUCALYPTUS TERMINALIS—'"'Bloodwood"’

A small rough barked tree, flowers with yellow to white bold stamens,
honey-scented and urn-shaped fruits. Mostly seen as an isolated tree on
sandy or loamy plains in spinifex shrub vegetation. This tree was growing
on Harts Range.



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Page 258—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MYRTACEAE March, 1174

EUCALYPTS OF THE CENTRE

by D. J. Nelson, Alice Springs, Central Australia

All the world knows that the Jolly Swagman camped under the shade
of a Coolibah tree, but most of the world doesn’t know what a Coolibah
tree is. Coolibah is Eucalyptus microtheca, one of the smaller Eucalypts
(excluding the mallees). It is found in dry parts of Australia on clayey soils,
subject to periodic floodings, often forming large stands. Coolibah is fairly
variable, but in general it is a tree between 20 to 35 ft. in height, having
two types of bark. The bark on the lower part of the trunk is of the box
type which is flaky, but has a tight hold on the tree, it is called persistent
bark. The upper parts of the tree have gum bark which means a smooth
bark, usually white and peeling off in strips at certain times. Coolibah usually
has a nice shady canopy of foliage, as the swagman appreciated, the flowers
as usua! with Eucalypts in the Centre are creamy white and are followed
by tiny gum nuts from which the very small seed can be collected. Coolibah
seeds germinate easily and although they are found naturally in clayey
soils, the trees will grow in any type of soil. It is a moderately fast growing
tree and is a most suitable species for growing. Coolibah timber makes
good fence posts and is also very good firewood. In hard times cattle will
eat the leaves. There are a lot of Coolibahs in the floodout of the Todd
River, just east of Amoonguna and also on channels of the Temple Bar
Creek, a short way down the Deep Well and Santa Teresa Roads.

Another attractive Eucalypt is the Central Australian Bloodwood,
Eucalyptus terminalis. Bloodwood is an adaptable tree found widespread
throughout the Centre, often as isolated trees, on almost every soil type.
It is a moderately sized tree capable of reaching 40 ft. in height. Bloodwoods
are so named because of the dark red thick sap which they exude from an
injury such as an axe cut. The distinguishing feature of a bloodwood is its
bark which may be light grey to pale orange brown. It is thick bark patterned
in a fine flaky manner, known technically as tesselated bark, meaning tile
like. Bloodwoods bear an abundance of large creamy flowers and are one
of the more spectacular local Eucalypts flower-wise. After flowering, clusters
of big woody gumnuts are formed. The seeds are winged and as is usual
with Eucalypts are easily germinated. Although fairly slow growing Blood-
woods are a very attractive tree and are very drought resistant.

It was interesting during the big drought to observe the habits of the
Bloodwoods. Branches died then dropped. The trees in effect pruned them-
selves until some were virtually a trunk with a few leaves left at the top,
but after the drought broke they produced new top growth. The trunk of a
Bloodwood is thick and straight and Bloodwoods have been used for the
making of gate posts and corner and strainer posts. The dry timber is
excellent firewood. Immediately south of Heavitree Gap look to the West and
you will see a nice Bloodwood. There are also nice specimens at the foot of
Mt. Blatherskite.

Incidentally, the habit of dropping branches is common to most large
Eucalypts in the Centre, so don’t camp under a big Eucalypt. Under
cultivation branches are not usually dropped, probably because the extra
moisture available to them under garden conditions keeps the branches
healthy and strong.

Some plants are grown for flowers, some for their scent and some
because of their attractive foliage. In this last category comes the Blue
Mallee, botanically known as Eucalyptus gamophylla. Blue Mallee is a many
stemmed large woody shrub averaging 8 ft. in height with a good wide
spread. It is commonly found in red sandy desert areas, such as can be
found 20 m south of town along the Deep Well road and on flat red soil
just before Native Gap about 70 m north of the town on the Stuart Highway.
It also grows high up on rocky hillsides such as the top of the range at
Heavitree Gap. They are called Blue Mallees because of their bluish leaves



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 259—Vol. 7

and it is the leaves which are the most attractive feature of this species.
Pairs of leaves are usually fused together at the base with the sometimes
square stem passing through the centre. The leaves are actually juvenile
leaves. All Eucalypt seedlings have leaves directly opposite to each other,
but as the trees mature, adult leaves become alternate or staggered. It is
interesting to note that Blue Mallee retains the juvenile form of leaf and only
occasionally are the mature form of leaves seen at the tops of an occasional
specimen. Blue Mallee has fairly small creamy white flowers, but they are
usually borne in large clusters and are followed by masses of small gumnuts
in which are the dark small seeds. People with sandy soil should have little
trouble in growing a Blue Mallee. The leaves have a strong Eucalyptus smell
when bruised. Stems of Blue Mallee make good indoor decorations and last
a long time in a vase.

Now a few words about the most widely known tree of the Centre,
Eucalyptus papuana, widely known as “Ghost Gum’ or to the oldtimers as
“Cabbage Gum”. The Ghost Gum has become a symbol of the Centre but
it does grow in the Top End. However, the Top End trees don’t have such
an attractive vivid white trunk as do the Centre specimens. Ghost Gums may
reach 80 ft. in height and can be seen in valleys of the Macdonnell Ranges
to E. & W. of Alice Springs. The main attraction of Ghost Gum is its beautiful
white trunk and limbs, but an added attraction is the creamy flowers.
Flowers are followed by cup-shaped small gumnuts in which are small
saucer shaped seeds. Ghost Gum is very easily raised from seed. It will grow
in most soils and would be a very suitable tree for growing at a homestead.
Just past the Honeymoon Gap turn-off are a pair of Ghost Gums known as
the twin Gums. Here's the reason why they are known as twin gums. Drive
along the road slowly and watch the trees and you will reach a point at which
the two trees merge together perfectly and appear to be a single tree.

OTHER TREES OF THE CENTRE

If you would like to grow your own Christmas tree you could try the
local native pine, known as White Cypress or Callitris columellaris. An
interesting feature of this hill dwelling tree is that it usually grows on the
southern sides of the ranges, ascending to the tops of the hills, but not
many grow on the northern slopes. As the timber of these trees is resistant
to white ant attacks a lot of them were felled in the 1870's to be used as
poles on the overland telegraph. The trees grow to a nice shape and can
grow over 20 ft. in height. They bear small globular cones which shed winged
seeds which germinate readily and growth is about 2 ft. a year.

Another tidily shaped local bush tree is the Desert Kurrajong or
Brachychiton gregorii. Although it occurs naturally in red sandy desert areas,
Desert Kurrajong is adaptable to most soils. One of the best natural stands
of Desert Kurrajong can be seen on the Lake Nash road on Amaroo Station.
The trunk is greenish to light grey, the foliage is dense consisting of leaves
with 3 long lobes, resembling an emu foot. Desert Kurrajong is used as a
street tree in parts of Alice Springs. The flowers are small, creamy white,
borne in clusters and are followed by inch long black pods in which are the
black fat seeds. The seeds grow readily. Desert Kurrajong grows fairly quickly
and will grow to about 18 ft. in height. Below ground level the Desert
Kurrajong has a large swollen tuber like growth which accounts for its
great drought resistance. The foliage is relished by stock.

Nineteen or twenty miles on the Deep Well road are the nearest Desert
Oaks to town. Casuarina decaisneana is their botanical name. Desert Oak
grows to 45 ft. or so, and has a nice shady crown of hanging needle like
foliage. The bark is dark, thick and deeply fissured. Timber of Desert Oak
has been used in yard building. The flowers are insignificant, but the woody
cones are quite noticeable. Openings in the cones release the winged
seeds which will germinate easily. Desert Oak is also very drought resistant.



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Page 260—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MIMOSACEAE March, 1974

ACACIAS OF THE CENTRE

Between Heavitree Gap and the airport there are trees known as
Ironwood or Acacia estrophiolata. If you have ever put an axe to its timber,
more so if it is dry, you will know that the name ‘“Ironwood” is pretty apt.
Ironwood grows to about 50 ft. high and produces a nice shady canopy of
slender hanging foliage giving the tree a somewhat willow-like appearance.
“Ironwood” is useful as a fodder tree and it is common to see trees in the
bush neatly trimmed by grazing. The bark is dark and furrowed. The flowers
are pale yellow wattle balls, followed by brown pods from which the hard
dark brown seeds can be collected. Probably the best way of treating these
seeds is to drop them into boiling water for a minute or so. Seedlings grow
very slowly for the first two years, but don’t be discouraged for in the third
season growth accelerates rapidly. Some other local Acacias behave in the
same manner. “lronwood” is very drought resistant.

)
1R

Photography by R. W. Burbury

ACACIA STRONGYLOPHYLLA

Bushy but open shrub sometimes forming a small tree. Restricted to hillsides and
gorges of the ranges in Central Australia (S.A.,, N.T., W.A.). Flowers mostly during spring
and is a very prickly but showy shrub. Other plants with spikes are described on page 263.



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 261—Vol. 7

Acacia georginae is the greatest menace to the cattle of Central
Australia, but not everywhere. Acacia georginae is the botanical name of the
common Gidyea of the Eastern half of the Centre. It is a twisted, dark
trunked small tree averaging 15 ft. high with grey green foliage, sporadically
bearing golden wattle ball flowers which are followed by flat twisted pods.
There is a similar tree, Acacia cambagei also known as Gidyea, but which
differs from Acacia georginae in having a straight trunk and more or less
straight pods. This sp. can be seen on parts of the Barkly Tableland and
is not poisonous.

.
S R e L AR,
|

ACACIA GEORGINAE—Gidyea

A large spreading tree with golden blossoms which release a very unpleasant odour.
Found mostly on the heavier soils. In some areas this species is toxic to cattle as it
accumulates fluoro-acetate compounds.

Acacia georginae gets its name from the Georgina River, along which
it grows in abundance, extending eastwards to within 30 m of Alice Springs
along the Ringwood Road. Close to Alice Springs, Gidyea is grazed by
cattle in dry times with no ill effect to them whatsoever. However, to the
N.E. of Alice Springs from approximately 250 ml. away from town and beyond
and over the Queensland border is the poisonous Gidyea area in which many
cattle have been lost to poisoning over the years. It took many years of
research before the poison was isolated from the tree, and it is a fluoro-acetate
compound similar to 1080 which is in use for the poisoning of rabbits and
dingoes and as far as | know there’s no antidote for it. The best ways of
dealing with the problem have proved to be the experiences of the pastoralists
in knowing which areas on their stations may have toxic trees, and care
in handling cattle which become affected. Affected cattle may die from
heart failure if they are shifted along too quickly or sometimes after having



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Page 262—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—MIMOSACEAE March, 1974

a big drink. By resting sick cattle, not allowing them to continue grazing
Gidyea and preventing them from taking too big a drink at one time,
they can often be saved.

The poisonous Gidyea problem remains mysterious despite years of
research. Botanically, poisonous and safe trees are exactly similar. No one
knows why the trees are toxic in one area and not in another. Even in the
poisonous area not all trees are poisonous. It is possible to find 2 exactly
similar trees within 20 ft. of each other, one being toxic and the other quite
safe and never becoming toxic. A poisonous region may have 10% toxic
trees or 50% or any other proportion. The toxicity of poisonous trees also
varies from season to season. Toxicity levels apparently rise as seasons
become drier and this condition encourages cattle to start grazing Gidyea
foliage as ground feed dries off and becomes less nutritious and scarce.
The pods of the Gidyea tree concentrate more of the toxin than do the
leaves.

Gidyea is a very tough, slow growing and very drought resistant tree.
The wood is heavy, dark and dense and exceptionally hard. As firewood
it produces intense heat and there’s nothing better in a winter time camp
than a fire of Gidyea coals. Young Gidyeas can be seen in Telegraph Terrace
beside the gaol.

One point about this tree may be noted. Most plants are identified
by sight, that is you see the shape, size or colour, but with Gidyea it is also
possible, at times, to use another sense in identifying it. It smells and pretty
powerfully. During rainy weather or at flowering time, Gidyea emits a
strong odour, put another way, it stinks. There are often swarms of flies
in Gidyea country. One theory says that the smell of the Gidyea is used to
attract flies which assist in pollination.

Acacia tetragonophylla—‘Dead Finish”; described under ‘“Plants with
Spikes”.

Acacia farnesiana—‘‘Mimosa Bush’ described under “Plants with Spikes”.

Acacia kempeana—'‘Witchetty Bush” described with “Trees and Shrubs
that are Grazed”.

Acacia victoriae—*''Acacia Bush” described with “Trees and Shrubs that
are Grazed”.

Acacia aneura is the official name of mulga, the most common tree in
the Centre. Mulga is very widespread in arid Australia and over the years
has been put to many uses. Aborigines used the wood for the making of
spears, boomerangs, yam sticks and nulla nullas. Station people use it for
fence posts and everybody uses it for firewood. Cattle eat the foliage. It
bears round edible galls known as Mulga Apples and aborigines also roast
and grind the seeds for tucker. The timber is also used in the manufacture
of churungas and bull roarers and for polished white feller artefacts. Apart
from these multitudinous uses, Mulga makes an attractive garden specimen.
Easily grown from seed providing you treat it with hot water or fracture the
seed coat. Mulga grows slowly for two years but can accelerate to 6 ft. in
the third year and begin flowering, producing under cultivation, masses of
spike type golden wattle flowers. Mulga is very variable in form, there being
about eight different forms within 20 ml. of Alice Springs. Although common
in the bush, Mulga is a hardy small tree worth growing, as it responds well
to cultivation and needs little water.

The middle of the thick Mulga scrub can be a pretty featureless place,
but there is an easy way of orientating yourself with direction there. On
the trunks of many Mulgas, not all, but there’ll be some around on which
there grows pale grey to pale green primitive plant growth called a lichen.
This growth occurs only on the southern side of the trunks, so finding the
lichen can instantly give you a line up in direction.

Other Acacia described In this Issue are A. tetragonophylla opposlte, A. farnesiana
page 264, A. kempeana page 266 and A. victoriae page 267



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 263—Vol. 7

SOME PLANTS WITH SPIKES

The development of spikes is a feature of many arid zone plants.
Sometimes they take the form of thorns on stems, but more commonly in
Australia it is the foliage which is itself spiny. No doubt this spininess
is an attempt by plants to protect themselves from being grazed. Quite a
remarkable attempt at self-protection is made by Capparis mitchellii a small
tree known as “Wild Orange”. The young plants are often nothing more
than a jumbled mass of thorny stems, but the thorns gradually disappear
as the tree develops into the mature form. This is a small tree 10 or 12
ft. high with dark flaky bark and a dense crown of leathery, broad, dark
green leaves. The flowers are large, white and delicately perfumed. These
flowers last only a day, in fact often only a matter of hours, but new buds
are always ready in spring to keep a continuity of early morning flowers.
The fruit is globular, about 2” in diameter and becomes hard and woody,
but at the right stage can be eaten. Some old timers used to break the
fruit up in water to make a pleasant tasting drink. It is the fruits which
give rise to the popular name, but they resemble orange only in shape. Some
nice Wild Oranges can be seen near Emily Gap and there are one or two
near the turnoff to the Alice Springs rubbish dump. Stock like to graze the
leaves of “Wild Orange” and will sometimes eat quite a large proportion of the
crown of these trees. It is then that Wild Orange does its thing. It produces
plenty of regrowth of grazed areas, but this regrowth has very much
smaller leaves and the stems are covered thickly in thorns, so rendering
itself much less attractive to animals.

A bush with spiny foliage is “Dead Finish”, known botanically by a bit
of a mouthful, Acacia tetragonophylla. The ordinary name, “Dead Finish” is
a tribute to the toughness of this plant evidently meaning that when most other
plant life has died off in drought time, “Dead Finish” still persists and it
certainly is a tough customer. “Dead Finish” is a woody, twisted shrub usually
about 8 high. It is sometimes seen along shallow watercourses or near
gilgais in open Mulga scrub. The thin, 1%2"” long leaves are sometimes in
clusters of four and it is from this fact that the name tetragonophylla is
derived. The foliage is sharply tipped, but cattle will graze the younger softer
foliage. The timber is very hard and elastic and prettily grained, like Mulga.
Once, the timber was used for small items such as whip handles. In flower,
“Dead Finish” is an attractive sight. The flowers are bright golden wattle
balls and are borne in profusion. The pods are long, twisted and constricted
between the seeds which are small, hard and shiny black. These seeds will
germinate if the seed coat is chipped or if the seeds are treated with hot
water. If you want a large shrub, needing very little attention yet capable of a
good flower display, “Dead Finish” is one answer.

A widespread small tree in the Centre with shiny leaves and big yellow
to orange bottle brush like flowers is ‘“Corkwood” or Hakea divaricata.
Divaricata refers to the thin leaves which are forked and tangled. Under
good conditions “Corkwood” may grow over 20’ in height, but is often
much less. The bark is thick, deeply furrowed and of a coarse corky texture
and it is this corklike bark which gives rise to the name “Corkwood”.
The timber is light and brittle and grainless in the manner of “Silky Oak”,
but “Corkwood” timber is not much use except perhaps for use in an open
campfire. It leaves a large amount of white ash when burnt. The big flowers
are full of sweet tasting nectar. Cattle will eat the flowers and young soft
leaf growth. “Corkwood” fruits are clustered, each one being hard, woody
and pointed. Each fruit contains 2 winged seeds which germinate easily.
“Corkwood” grows in any soil and under cultivation is a nice looking small
tree having a somewhat oriental appearance, being like some of the plants
you see depicted in Japanese paintings. On part of Simpson’s Gap reserve
just S.\W. of the homestead is a big stand of large “Corkwoods”, but such
large stands are infrequent as “Corkwood” is usually scattered, e.g. as



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Page 264—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, ¢74

they are found with the Ironwoods between the Macdonnell Ranges and
the airport.

Closely related to ordinary corkwood is Hakea suberea or “Long-leaved
Corkwood”. “Long-leaved Corkwood” is also widely distributed in the Centre,
but is not quite so common as ordinary Corkwood. The trunk, timber and
flowers of both Corkwoods are similar but ‘“Long Leaved Corkwood” is
distingushed by having usually larger fruits and seeds, but mainly by its
very much longer leaves which are not forked, but are also needle-like
and spine tipped. Sometimes the 2 Corkwoods are found together and may
hybridise. There are good examples of Long-leaved Corkwood in the hills
just north of Alice Springs. It, too, is easily grown from seed.

For those people with clayey soil who want a large shrub for a single
specimen or a windbreak, try “Needlewood”, or Hakea leucoptera. This sp.
is woody stemmed having many trunks, in small Mallee fashion. Although
plants seen in the bush may appear straggly, when given just a little extra
care, Needlewood becomes bushy and dense and can bear a great display
of white flowers, somewhat like extra large wattle blooms. Leaves are slender
and sharply pointed. The fruits are hard and woody and split to release
2 winged seeds per fruit. These germinate readily. A good stand of Needle-
woods can be seen at McGrath Flat about 30 m north of town. Needlewoods
will also grow on lighter soils as well as clayey soils, so anyone can try them.

Mesquite fortunately does not grow wild in the Centre, but there is a
woody spiny shrub here which has some resemblance to Mesquite. It is mostly
referred to as “Mimosa Bush”, but it is not a Mimosa either. It is Acacia
farnesiana. It is quite different from most other Centre Acacias. For a start
it is also found naturally in other countries. It occurs in warm parts of
Asia and in tropical and sub-tropical America. It has long sharp, hard spines
on the stems, but the most outstanding difference is that unlike the majority
of Centre Acacias, “Mimosa Bush” has true leaves. You may not be aware
of the fact that the foliage of Mulga, Witchetty Bush, Gidyea and other local
Acacias is not composed of leaves. They are flattened stems, correctly
termed phyllodes. When most Centre Acacias are small seedlings, they
have fern-like true leaves, but as the bush grows, the stem behind these
true leaves lengthens and flattens and forms a phyllode. “Mimosa Bush”
always has the fern like true leaves. It is a small woody bush found often
in shallow creeks, such as Harry Creek 33 m north of Alice Springs
and some of the creeks on the Yuendemu Road. The flowers are large
globular yellow wattle balls and the pod is thick and woody. In spite of the
fierce thorns, in dry times cattle relish “Mimosa Bush” even to the extent
of eating the woody stems. So unlike other local Acacias is ‘“Mimosa Bush”
that one theory is that it was introduced into Australia, along with the dingo,
many centuries ago when the country was colonised by the Aborigines.

GREVILLEA

The plant family to which Hakeas, such as Corkwoods, belong
is the Proteaceae family which also includes the South African Proteas and
other Australian plants such as Waratahs and Grevilleas. There are quite a
number of Grevilleas in the N.T. and most are rather difficult to grow from
seed. The largest Grevillea in the Centre however has been grown fairly
readily from seed. This one is Grevillea striata, known widely as ‘“Beefwood”.
“Beefwood” can reach over 30 ft. in height. The bark is dark and deeply
furrowed on a straight trunk. The timber is nicely grained like “Silky Oak”
timber, which, incidently, is also a Grevillea, G. robusta native to Queensland,
but “Beefwood” timber is harder. Beefwood leaves are long and flat, like
foot long narrow straps. The creamy white flowers occur in clusters making
quite a good show. The fruits are like rounded papery pods and each
contains 2 thin seeds surrounded by a pale papery wing. These grow fairly
easily and ‘“Beefwood” is worth growing. It occurs naturally as a scattered
tree usually in sandy loam areas such as along the Todd River banks
S.E. of Heavitree Gap where there are some good big specimens. In spite



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 265—Vol. 7

colour of the timber. Visitors to Ayers Rock can see some nice Beefwoods
near Maggie Springs. Stock will lightly graze Beefwoods. Colour plate on
page 293.

HAKEA SUBEREA—'long-leaved Corkwood’’

FUND FOR RESEARCH ON AUSTRALIAN PLANTS
Director, Botanic Garden and State Herbarium, Adelaide, South Australia

It was interesting to read in ‘“‘Australian Plants” (Sept. 1973) notification
by Dr. L. A. S. Johnson, Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, of a
new fund which it was hoped could be established to allow research to be
undertaken on Australian plants.

The Adelaide Botanic Garden Research Fund has besen in existence
for some 3 years, for exactly the same purpose. Because of donations which
have been received from the public (they are tax dedductible), the Fund
is growing but more is yet required before it would be possible to employ
anyone on a continuing basis.

Dr. Johnson rightly points out that additional funds are required to
expedite the progress of research on Australian plants. It is quite impossible
for the Government to meet all the demands that are made on the public
purse, no matter how important or valid is the project. It is hoped that the
interested public will generously support these funds.



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Page 266—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

TREES AND SHRUBS GRAZED BY STOCK

Trees and shrub that are grazed by livestock are termed Topfeed
and Central Australia is fortunate in having quite a number of useful Topfeed
species in the area. The main diet of cattle is grass and although Topfeeds
cannot take the place of grass, they are useful dietary supplements to have
around, especially in drought times, as many contain good levels of protein
and minerals. Some people maintain that good Topfeed country is good
breeding country because of the mineral content of these plants.

A very palatable Topfeed is Santalum Ilanceolatum, or Plumbush.
Plumbush is a small twiggy shrub usually 6 to 8 ft. high but occasionally,
in protected areas, reaching 12 ft. The leaves are blue green, broad, thick
and drooping. The flowers are clustered, creamy white and are followed by
succulent blue black edible berries. Plumbush is scattered around the sandy
areas often found in small stands, but occasionally may form a dense stand
along shallow watercourses. It is always found growing near trees as it
is semi-parasitic and gets part of its nourishment by attaching itself to tree
roots, but it doesn’t do any harm to the trees which it uses in this fashion.
Plumbush is most palatable to all grazing animals which will eat small
plants, wood and all down to the ground. Rabbits cut the stems to get to
the leaves above. Luckily, Plumbush is capable of making rapid regrowth
even after severe grazing. There is a thick patch of Plumbush under the
Ironwoods and Mulgas in the little creek, upstream from Ooraminna rockhole.

Another of the most palatable Topfeeds is Supplejack, Ventilago viminalis.
Supplejack is a dark barked tree growing to 20 ft. or more in height. It is
extremely drought resistant, is slow growing and has very hard timber. The
dark green leaves are long and hanging and form a good shady crown. The
trees often have several trunks sometimes twining around each other. The
flowers are small and greenish, being followed by large masses of pale green
hanging, winged seeds. These seeds can be germinated fairly easily. Supple-
jack also regenerates by root suckers. In pastoral areas Supplejacks are
usually trimmed neatly to as high as stock can reach. The trees are scattered
over much of the area usually on alluvial loam areas. There is a nice
Supplejack just off the E. edge of the airport road near St. Marys and
some good specimens are to be seen in the Emily Gap area; along the Ross
Highway.

More common than the previous two species is Whitewood, Atalaya
hemiglauca. Whitewood usually grows 15 to 20 ft. high but old trees may
grow to over 30 ft. high. As the name indicates the timber is white. It is light
in weight and is not much used except by aborigines in the making of
artefacts, such as carved snakes and goannas. The bark is pale grey and
flaky and the leaves are long, grey green and become dense in good seasons.
Flowers are creamy and often produced in masses making an attractive show.
The seeds have a large wing and are borne in pairs usually, though sometimes
3 or 4 are fused together. Whitewood suckers freely from the roots and
sometimes you can see very dense stands of small Whitewoods 3 to 5 ft.
high. Strangely, even though native to the Centre, small Whitewoods are
severely cut by frost often all their leaves dying off in Winter. Once the
young plants reach about 8 ft. in height, they are relatively frost resistant.
During drought Whitewoods become very ragged and die back a lot but when
seasons become good again, regrowth is rapid and prolific. Whitewood is
easily grown from seed and makes an attractive quick growing garden plant.
It can be found in most parts of the Centre on a variety of soils.
Stock graze Whitewood readily and although at some stages, probably when
regrowth is fresh, Whitewood can be toxic and has killed horses and goats.
The value of Whitewood as a Topfeed outweighs its disadvantages as a
poisonous plant.

Witchetty bush, Acacia kempeana is another useful Topfeed and is
also a useful plant to grow for ornament, hedge or windbreak. Mature
Witchetty bushes grow 10 to 15 ft. high, but are often less, say 6-8 ft.



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 267—Vol. 7

in height. It is widespread in Central Australia, often forming a thick scrub
such as can be found on parts of Alcoota and Milton Park stations. Witchetty
bush is a multiple stemmed shrub of tidy appearance with dense foliage
and golden spike type wattle flowers which can be produced at any time
of the year, but at best in spring. The pods are flat, brown and contain
hard black small seeds. The seeds are eaten by Aborigines who also dig
out edible grubs from the base of the bushes, this fact giving rise to the
name Witchetty bush. The long straight roots, some of which run for a
long distance just below the ground, are used in the making of spear
shafts.

Often it is possible to see Witchetty bushes which have been turned
into neat little trees by grazing. Grazing animals eat the branches from
around the outside of the bush gradually working in until a single strong
stem remains and providing its foliage is out of reach the result is a
Witchetty tree instead of a bush. Witchetty bush is hardier than its near
relative, Mulga, and if the seeds are chipped or treated with hot water they
germinate easily. For a year or two the seedlings remain small then
accelerate rapidly to 6 ft. in height, although 6 ft. in one year has been
achieved with drip irrigation. Near to town a dense scrub of Witchetty bush
can be seen between the airport and Amoonguna. There are good Witchetty
bushes in the hills north of town also. It is a local bush well worth growing.

Finally in this Topfeed talk we come to Acacia victoriae known simply as
“Acacia bush”. Normally a straggly dark barked woody shrub to 15 ft.
high, when young the bark is green, Acacia bush grows rapidly and usually,
under natural conditions, is short lived and may die in less than ten years.
The whole bush often collapses completely and the timber rots away in a
short time. Under cultivation it will last considerably longer and is worth growing
for its Spring display of great masses of pale yellow wattle balls. Cattle
will pick at young growth of Acacia bush at most times but graze it more
readily when the bushes are in bloom. The flowers are followed by a
prolific crop of long flat papery pods in which are the hard, round, dark
brown to black seeds. These seeds have been roasted and used by Old
Timers as a substitute for coffee beans. Small seedlings of Acacia bush are
easily transplanted. It is generally found in loamy areas and was once much
more common around town than it is now. A thick scrub of Acacia bush in
which drovers used to camp at the end of their trips once existed where
the Racecourse housing area now is. There are still some big specimens
near the Old Timers homes but the majority of the bushes have been
removed from that vicinity. A good stand of young Acacia bushes can be
seen 10 m west along the Hermannsberg road at Roe Creek crossing,
near the turnoff to Honeymoon Gap.

Easily grown from seed are Verbines, which are known of as
good cattle feed. These are the Psoralea spp. There are 2 common
spp. one an annual P. cinerea, which grows to about 3 ft. and the other
P. patens, is a perennial as long as water is kept up to it. Not an excess of
water but more water than it gets out bush. Psoraleas are legumes, both have
slender spikes of small pink pea flowers, which can be used as cut flowers.
Flowers are followed by numerous single seeded pods. Seeds germinate
easily, Verbines grow in cool weather and will grow in most soils. They
grow very well in heavy soils, so these are plants to try for those with
difficult soil. Verbines can be seen in the Harry Creek 33 m north of town.

Full information may be obtained from relevant government departments
on plants that are poisonous to stock. There are many, most being legumes
with pea flowers. Fortunately most are not very palatable and in good
seasons do not do much damage. One palatable plant that has caused
serious losses with horses is “Birdsville Indigo Plant”, Indigofera dominii.
They are distinctive with their tiny bright pink-red pea flowers dying to deep
blue. The compact clusters of small seed pods resemble tiny erect bunches
of grapes.



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Page 268—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

THE DESERT ROSE AND HIBISCUS

Let us consider the Sturt Desert Rose and its closely allied cousins.
These are local Gossypium spp. and are related to the cotton plant which is
also a Gossypium. The 3 local spp. have very similar flowers, but only one
is the true Desert Rose. This one is Gossypium sturtianum. It is a shrub
capable of growing to 6 ft. in height. It is quite bushy with spreading
branches. The leaves are circular and smooth with fine spots and on the
underside in the centre of the leaf vein, is a slit-like mark known as a nectary.
The flower is 2-2V2" diameter and is of a delicate lilac colour with a dark
plum red throat. Seeds of Desert Rose are grey with short flattened hairs.
The Desert Rose favours rocky creek beds near ranges. Some nice bushes
can usually be seen on the way to Standley Chasm after Jay Creek. See
rear cover for colour plate.

GOSSYPIUM AUSTRALE

The second tail local species is Gossypium australe. This is a slender
shrub which immediately distinguishes it from the true Desert Rose which is
distinctively bushy. Other distinguishing features of G. australe are the
leaves, which are longer, pointed, not spotted, are grey green and are furry
to touch. This sp. also grows 6 ft. high. G. australe has a prominent red
slit like foliar nectary on the under side of the leaf. The seeds are brown
with long silky white hairs. It can be seen on the road edges in the Jervois
mine area and closer to town occasional plants may be seen along the
Hermannsberg road just out of town or the Yuendemu Road a mile or two
west of the bitumen.

The third species is Gossypium bickii, readily distinguishable from the
others as it is a low spreading shrub about 18” high with a spread of
about 2 ft. The leaves are spotted, pointed, and the foliar nectary underneath is



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 269—Vol. 7

just a small spot. The seeds are similar to those of the true Desert Rose.
G. bickii favours broad depressions, often on open plains. It can be seen south
of the old airport.

All three Gossypiums make attractive colourful garden plants and all
can be raised successfully from seed.

Photography by J. R. Maconochie

RADYERA FARRAGE]

There is also another bush which is sometimes mistakenly called
Desert Rose. This is Radyera farragei. It differs from all the Gossypiums
in having much larger leaves, which have wavy edges and all parts of the
plant are furry. It has no foliar nectary. The flowers are about the same
size as Gossypium flowers, but have a darker colour. This bushy Hibiscus
like shrub grows to about 5 ft. It can be seen along the bank of the Todd

River, just south of Heavitree Gap and also near the turnoff into Honeymoon
Gap.



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Page 270—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

NATIVE PLANTS IN ARID ZONE GARDENS
by D. J. Nelson

The growing of Australian plants for horticultural purposes has received
great impetus in recent years. Apart from such well known species as
Sturt’'s Desert Pea, Geraldton Wax, various Acacias and Eucalypts, etc., much
experimenting is being done in order to find more suitable subjects for
garden use. There are quite a large number of plants native to Central
Australia which are suitable for growing and for the development of cultivars.
These plants may be grown with exotics or may be featured alone. Their
great advantage lies with the fact that once established, the majority require
little water. They are therefore, ideal for use in areas short of water. Contrary
to a once popular opinion, it has been found that the seeds of many native
plants are germinated easily. Very hard seeds, such as are produced by
most Acacias need pre-treatment before sowing. Such seed may be dropped
into near boiling water, remaining in the water until it has cooled. They
will then germinate readily. Once treated, the seeds can be dried and
kept until a convenient time for planting arises.

Species which are difficult to grow from seed, even with pretreatment,
can often be propagated from cuttings. An example is the Eremophila or
“Native Fuschia” genus. Cuttings kept in moist sand, strike fairly readily.

Some local species which have been grown in Centre gardens are:
TREES “River Red Gum”, Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Reaching to 80 ft.
high, this is the loftiest tree in the Centre. The local strain is easily grown
from seed or transplanted seedlings. For quick growth and good shade, it is
excellent. It is capable of growing 6 ft. per year in good soil. It will tolerate
most soils. Lawn, or other plants may be grown up to the trunks of these
trees. The bark is creamy white, patterned with brown and reddish patches.
Flowers are small, white and clustered.

“Colony Wattle”, Acacia murrayana. Notable for its spring show of
abundant golden wattle balls, this Acacia grows to about 15 ft. high.
The trunk is slender, with smooth pinkish white bark, adding to the
attractiveness of the tree. Foliage becomes dense under cultivation. Light
soils are best for this species. The common name is derived from the fact
that trees are often found in a thick stand, or colony. Seeds need hot water
treatment or light filing to assist their germination.

“Bean Tree”, or “Batswing Coral Tree”, Erythrina vespertilio. This is a

deciduous native tree attaining to about 30 ft. in height. The large, bright
red, bean like seeds germinate readily and young trees can reach to 12 ft.
in 2 or 3 years. The flowers are showy, scarlet in colour. They are followed
by large pods which split to reveal the red seeds. The unusual leaflets
resemble spread wings, hence the second common name above. The bark
is thick, corky and light in colour. Saplings bear many thorns on trunk
and branches but these diminish as the tree matures. Aborigines use the
very light wood in the manufacture of shields and coolamons.
SHRUBS “Sturt’'s Desert Rose”, Gossypium sturtianum. The floral emblem of
the Northern Territory, this shrub grows easily from seed and rapidly reaches
its mature height of 6 to 8 ft. It has several slender woody stems and large
rounded leaves. Flowers are large, delicate, Hibiscus-like, pink lilac in colour
with plum red centres. The Desert Rose grows readily in most soils and is
well worth cultivating.

“Witchetty Bush”, Acacia kempeana. A neat shrub which may reach
10 ft. in height, “Witchetty Bush” is very suitable for use as a hedge or
windbreak plant as well as making an attractive specimen plant. The erect
foliage is dense and the flowers are bright yellow wattle spikes. Seeds need
treatment for easy germination. Witchetty bush grows well in a wide range
of soils. Growth in the first year is slow, about 6", but it accelerates rapidly
in the 2nd to 3rd year. The name is derived from grubs found in the roots
of the plant in the bush.



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 271—Vol. 7

Now I'll describe a rapidly growing shrub. This is one of the Hop
Bushes and | will admit its botanical name is pretty frightening—Dodonaea
viscosa var. spathulata. The name Hop Bush shouldn’t be confused with
Wild Hops or Rosy Dock the succulent red flowered winter annual seen more
and more commonly each year. This is Rumex vesicarius, an introduced
plant from Central Asia. The Dodonaea or Hop Bush is a tall shrub to
8 ft. found in gaps and gorges in the ranges. It has shiny foliage and bears
pink to red winged flowers which are actually bracts surrounding the small
globular seed. The seed germinates fairly readily and Hop Bush will grow
to its height of 8 ft. in 2 or 3 years. It is a tidily shaped shrub worth
growing in the front yard.

Next on the list is ‘“Cattlebush” or Trichodesma zeylanicum. This is a
soft leaved perennial 2 ft. high with longish fairly broad leaves. The flowers
vary from pale blue (almost white in fact), to a nice shade of sky blue.
When flowers die, 4 seeds can be found in the centre of the calyx.
Cattlebush will grow in most soils and under favourable conditions may
flower all the year round, but severe frosts will knock it about fairly badly.
Sometimes there are a few Cattlebush plants around in the Dipper, 4 m
north of town.

There are lots of Cassias around the district, nearly all of which are
worthy garden plants. 19 or 20 m down the Deep Well Road in the red sand
Cassia pleurocarpa occurs. This is a fairly dense bush averaging 4 ft.
in height with a similar spread. It has quite large pinnate leaves (pinnate
means that each leaf is made of several smaller leaflets. Leaves of pepper
tree are pinnate), and the large spikes of bright yellow flowers are quite
spectacular. Flowers are followed by flat brown pods from which you can
collect the black seeds. Spring is the best time for growing Cassia pleurocarpa.
It will grow rapidly in sandy to loam soils, but unless protected, frost will
cut it back.

Crotalaria is the botanical name of plants known as Rattlepods. Rattlepods
have large hollow pods in which the loose ripe seeds will rattle in the
wind or when the bush is shaken, and this gives rise to the common name.
In red sandy country, especially to the south, a Rattlepod called Crotalaria
novae-hollandiae grows. This has 4" long spikes of yellow pea flowers making
it a spectacular sight. Its flowers can also be used in a vase. The plant is
a leafy shrub about 3 ft. high, the leaves being large and hairy. C. novae-
hollandiae is very easily raised from seed and tolerates most soils. A word
of warning about this plant—it has been known to make horses sick so
don’t grow it where stock can get to it. It is however probably less dangerous
than some well known garden plants. Oleander for instance which is a
very poisonous species. C. novae-hollandiae has a long flowering season.
The bush dies back in winter but new growth rises from the roots when
frosts have finished.

Sometimes on tops of the red sand ridges, say along the way to Ayers
Rock, or down the Deep Well road, you will see a large straggly plant with
large, furry, grey-green leaves and big pale green striped flowers. This is
one of the rattlepods or Crotalarias. This particular one is known as Bird
Pea because of the bird like shape of the flowers, of Crotalaria cunninghamii.
Bird Pea is a legume, that is its fruit is a pod. Its pods are large and hollow
and the ripe seeds rattle about inside them when the bush is shaken. Bird
Pea can be easily grown from seed in light soils and will quickly grow to
6 ft. Cultivated piants are much more attractive than the usual bush battlers.
Bird Pea is a biennial so save seeds from your plants to resow.

“Annual Verbine”, Psoralea cinerea. This is a warm weather growing
legume which does best in heavy soils. Seeds usually germinate readily
and growth is fairly rapid in the hot months. This species forms a tidy small
shrub 3 ft. high. Leaves are three lobed with serrated edges. The individual
pea type flowers are pink, and although smaii, they are borne on spikes 3"
long, making a pleasing sight. The flowers last well in a vase.



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Page 272—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

Perhaps the easiest of all bush plants to grow are the Parakeelyas,
the Calandrinias, much famed succulent plants of red desert areas. Cattle
may wander miles out into the desert when Parakeelya is plentiful as it
contains so much water that it can satisfy the animals moisture requirements.

CALANDRINIA REMOTA

The commonest Parakeelyas bear bright pink flowers about 1" across.
The largest sp. is Calandrinia balonensis with large flat fleshy leaves. It is
prostrate and an annual which has attained a diameter of over 3 ft. under
cultivation. It is named after the Balonne River in Queensland. There is
another sp. of Parakeelya, C. remota which although not as large as
C. balonensis has the advantage of being biennial which means you can
enjoy its flowers for two years. It has cylindrical leaves and longer flower
stems. If you live in an area of hard clayey soil you can still grow
Parakeelyas if you dig a hole or trench 18" to 2 ft. deep and fill it with
red sand in which to put your plants. This method applies also to other
red sandy desert area plants and of course the deeper the trench of red
sand the better. You could also put a layer of old tins in the bottom to
assist with drainage.

Editor's Note: There is a colour plate of Calandrinia balonensis on page 285. Previous
issues have mentioned this beautiful plant one describing its cultivation in a pot at
Canberra. There is much scope and a lot of fun, in the study of the cultivation of our
native succulents. They will carry quite well by mail. A study group seems very desirable
so please advise the editor if you are interested in joining a group and corresponding
with others.



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 273—Vol. 7

CREEPERS AND CLIMBERS Glycine canescens. A climbing perennial legume,
easily grown from seed, this species grows in any soil. The leaves are three
lobed, with linear leaflets. Flowers are of the pea type, pale pink in colour.
Not a very large climber, this species has been used to advantage to
“reclothe” small dead bushes, making an interesting display.

IPOMOEA MUELLERI

Ipomoea muelleri, an annual “Morning Glory”. Seed germinates well and
growth can be rapid. This species grows in most soils, but probably does
best in sandy types. It is a winter to spring grower and has broad leaves and
most attractive pink flowers 1%2” in diameter. It may be used as a
temporary ground cover or can be encouraged to grow on a trellis.

In fairly open scrub country you will sometimes see a small creeper
with longish opposite leaves (i.e. leaves in pairs on opposite sides of the
stem). It has clusters of small creamy white flowers, followed by oval green



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Page 274—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

fruit. This is Leichhardtia australis known variously as ‘“Bush Banana”, “Wild
Cucumber” or ‘“Lungwa’”. The young fruit is edible and quite tasty, even
though the plant has milky sap. When the fruit is ripe it splits in half
releasing a mass of flat seeds which float about on a silky white parachute
(or pappus). The seeds germinate well so Bush Banana is a useful creeper
to try on a fence for instance. It is perennial and frost and drought resistant.
In the bush this species is found climbing up trees and bushes.

TWO GARDENS THAT SURVIVE

The water supply on a small property near Alice Springs failed during
a drought necessitating the cartage of water for household use. Soil type
was an alluvial light sandy loam. Water saved from the washing machine,
bathroom, etc. was utilized to grow a large number of native plants around
the house. These flourished and flowered, making a notable display in an
otherwise dry, dusty area.

During the same drought a house on a bare block was occupied and
a garden consisting largely of local plants was established. The soil was clayey
and in parts, saline. Severe watering restrictions were imposed during summers
of the drought. In spite of these formidable barriers, garden growth was
rapid and profuse, becoming an unintentional tourist attraction. At no time
was the annual water allowance reached, but it was exceeded in some other
gardens which had less growth in them than the one which used a large
proportion of colourful Central Australian plants.

MORE SMALL SHRUBS OF THE CENTRE

A useful local daisy is Helichrysum bracteatum or Yellow Paper Daisy
or Yellow Everlasting. Yellow Paper Daisy occurs most commonly in
red sandy areas but is adaptable to most soils. It is a cool weather
annual growing to 18" high, the leaves are erect and the plant is topped by
bright yellow to orange yellow flowers, an inch wide, which have stiff papery
petals. The flowers last a long time in the vase and are also very suitable
for use in dried flower arrangements. The flowers are followed by masses
of seeds borne on yellow silky “parachutes”, the technical name of which
is a Pappus.

While on the daisy theme, | will also mention the “Annual Yellowtop”,
Senecio gregorii. This is a plant which is widespread in the cooler months
in the Centre, but more particularly in the red sandy areas. Annual yellowtop
has fairly succulent erect long leaves and the flowers are bright yellow
and more than 1” in diameter. The seeds of this sp. are also borne on a
pappus, but a white one in this case. The plant grows to about 1 ft. in
height and is readily grown from seed. The flowers of Annual Yellowtop
always face into the sun in the same way as does the the well known Sunflower.
Senecio gregorii is shown in colour on our cover.

Senecio magnificus is the official name of “Perennial Yellowtop” which
has flowers similar to the Annual Yeilowtop. Perennial Yellowtop grows to
over 3 ft. in height and has broad bluish leaves, broadly serrated on the
edges. The top dies in summer, but new growth recurs in cool weather.
Perennial Yellowtop usually prefers areas which receive plenty of run on in
wet weather and often invades eroded areas. Its flowers are similar to those
of “Annual Yellowtop” and it too grows readily from seed.

Should your travels take you out Jervois, Manners Creek or Argadargada
way you may see large areas of the Desert or Sandover Lily, Crinum
flaccidum. This has long smooth flat leaves and large white flowers. Some
people dig around to get the bulb of this lily, but you need patience for
this as the bulb may be anywhere between 18” and 6 ft. under the ground.
A better scheme is to look around to find a lily which has finished flowering
and you may find the large soft white seeds, looking a bit like a tiny
potato. Desert Lily tolerates most soils but may take 2 or more years before
flowering. However, if you have seen it either cultivated or in the bush you



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 275—Vol. 7

will agree that it is worth waiting for. The leaves as with many exotic lilies
die back to ground level but Desert Lily makes new growth with even
a small shower of rain at any time.

Between Traeger Park and the railway line can be seen a lot of “Ruby
Saltbush” or Enchylaena tomentosa. This is a small succulent leaved, woody
stemmed shrub which can be trained or trimmed to a nice shape. Its main
attraction lies in- its pretty berries which change from green to yellow, orange
and finally bright red. Usual height is 2 ft. The ripe berries are edible and
have a sweet taste. The berries eventually shrivel and blacken and it is then
that the single seed per berry can be used. Ruby Saltbush will grow in
any soil. It is one of the hardiest plants of the Centre being very drought
resistant, frost resistant and needs very little water.

Let me describe those attractive and varied plants found around the
Centre, known as ‘“Pussy Tails”, or “Pussycat Tails” or ‘“Mulla Mullas”
to West Australians. These are the Ptilotus species botanically. The majority
are winter growing annuals and make fine showy garden plants. They are
difficult to grow from seed. It seems that the seed needs to age for about
two years before they will germinate. Pussytail flowers make excellent cut
flowers as they last a long time in the vase. As station people will know,
some of the pussytails are good herbage food for stock.

One of the nicest pussytails is the small lilac pink one found commonly
in mulga country, say in the scrub around the Bond Springs airstrip, just
north of the hills north of town. Its name officially is Ptilotus helipteroides.

Also in the same area you can usually find one of the large green
pussytails, Ptilotus macrocephalus. The name means large headed, so you
see these Latin names sometimes do mean something. Colour, page 276.

Along the bitumen on the Burt Plain about 35 ml. north of town you
may see Ptilotus exaltatus a large headed lilac pink pussytail. A similar sp.
P. nobilis occurs in the Macdonnell Ranges, but this one has big pale green
flowers. In the red sandy areas another green flowering sp. occasionally seen
with red tinges can be found. This is P. polystachyus, which means many
spikes, referring to the abundance of slender flower heads.

There are also a few perennial sp. of Ptilotus in the district. These are
low bushes, or subshrubs with greyish leaves and pink tinged flowers. One
of them P. obovatus bears masses of globular flowers while the other
P. atriplicifolius has more sparse but larger flowers. These 2 spp. can be
seen quite widely spread in open country and in the hills. They can
be grown from cuttings as well as by transplanting.

Between Heavitree Gap and the airport can be seen clumps of pretty
star-shaped blue flowers on slender leaved plants about 18" high. These are
known as ‘“Australian Bluebells” or Wahlenbergia. They are easily grown
and have a long flowering period. They have permanent roots though the
tops may die back in hot weather.

Some fine shrubs of the Centre are the ‘“Native Fuschias’” or Eremophilas.
Eremophila means desert loving. These will often grow from cuttings. Native
Fuschias vary greatly in size, leaf shape and flower colour and there are
a large number of species in the Centre. The flowers are tubular with five
terminal lobes.

In Mulga scrub you can find Eremophila gilesii, a tidy little shrub about
2%z ft. high with slender leaves and sky blue flowers. This grows easily and
is adaptable to most soils. Colour plate on page 277.

Half a mile or so north of Temple Bar Creek on the Adelaide Road is
a dense stand of Eremophila longifolia, also known as “Emu Bush”. Longifolia
means long-leaved. Usually a tall shrub to 8 ft. it is capable of growing into
a small tree about 15 ft. high. The foliage is dense consisting of long
flat soft pendulous leaves and the flowers, though sparse, are pink to
brick red, sometimes spotted inside. Emu Bush tolerates any soil and grows
in a nice regular shape needing no trimming. It too can be transplanted.



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Page 276—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974
_ e T e

In the red sandy areas south of town Eremophila macdonnellii grows.
It is usually found on the heavier soil flats between sandhills or on the
undulating plains to the south. Unlike most of our Eremophilas, Eremophila
macdonnellii is a prostrate plant and may have a 6 ft. spread. It bears
masses of deep blue flowers and is a very suitable hardy ground cover plant.

The red flowering Eremophila duttonii can be seen in stony country
just west of Amoonguna turn off on the Ross Highway and in similar soil
at McGrath Flat 30 m north of town. It is a shrub attaining 6 ft. in height
and has smooth shining leaves.

Photography by J. R. Maconochie

PTILOTUS MACROCEPHALUS

The ‘‘Pussycat Tails” or ‘“‘Mulla Mullas” of the drier parts of Australia are fascinating
plants. Previous lissues have described their cultivation and use in rockeries and many
species are shown in full colour. We need some keen types to work in a study group
for the cultivation of these plants; contact the Editor if interested.



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“arcn, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 277—V

EMU BUSHES

Plants of the inland that struggle through the dry periods and in good
periods are often prolific flowerers. Des Nelson finishes his series of articles
with these notable plants. Many species have been described in previous
issues with a good article on dry area plants in our No. 51 issue of Volume 6
with colourful illustrations.

EREMOPHILA GILESI

We could illustrate this species with a beautiful colour photograph showing the
flowers close-up. However | feel that readers want a clearer picture of what the flowers
look like on the bush and some sense of proportion. This | have done through the Issue
at the expense of ‘“‘pretty picture’” presentation as | feel this is more in line with the
objectives of this publication—Editor.



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Page 278—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

DRY AREA GARDENING AND PLANTS FOR CENTRE GARDENS—continued from page 254

Water! Because of the low rainfall, water consumption in Alice Springs
is high—about 250,000-400,000 gallons per year. Recently there has been an
increasing interest in water conservation. Home gardeners are looking at ways
to save water, and also reduce the cost and number of hours spent in
maintaining the garden.

The following is a list of suggestions which have proved to be both
practical, economic and aesthetically satisfying in Alice Springs.

1. Lawns require far more water, fertilizer and maintenance per square
yard than any other plant form in the garden. However, because of its
aesthetic quality it is hard to imagine a garden without it. By conscientious
planning of the space surrounding the house it is possible to keep lawn
areas to a sensible minimum. Kikuyu, in spite of its vigorous habit is probably
the most suitable grass for this climate. “Kentucky blue grass”, hybrid
bent and strawberry clover will produce an attractive sward in the cooler
months of the year but require constant watering and some overhead shade
during the summer. A simple pop up sprinkler system is recommended for
best results.

Before considering where trees, shrubs, etc. should be planted, it is
important to start with a plan of the building site showing the position of the
house, the driveway, clothes hoist and entrance path, i.e. land use which
is dictated by the movement of people to and from the house.

Next decide where outdoor entertainment areas should be located in
relation to the living and kitchen areas—the extent of a patio and position
of the barbeque.

Climatic factors are a very important consideration, i.e. prevailing
winds, hot winds, cold blustery winds, windows facing the hot western
afternoon sun. Windbreaks, shade, privacy and a sense of enclosure are four
important factors when considering the size and location of plants for the
garden.

When placed in strategic parts of the garden the following trees and
shrubs will prove useful in tempering the extremes of the climate.
Eucalyptus gardneri, E. cladocalyx nana, E. torquata, E. burdettiana, Acacia
podalyriifolia, A. saligna, A. cardiophylla, Callistemon viminalis, C. “Gawler
hybrid”, Casuarina cristata, C. stricta, Grevillea robusta.

However, if one adopts the principle of keeping areas of lawn to
a minimum—even after giving serious consideration to the above design
factors there is little doubt that a substantial area of the site remains to be
developed if it is not to become a dust bowl. There are three possibilities.

Cover the remaining area to a depth of 2”-3” with stone aggregate,
pebbles or other similar material, add some large attractive pieces of
stone/driftwood, or include a small ornamental pool surrounded by rockery
type plants.

Alternatively cover the vacant space with ground cover plants. Myoporum,
Kennedia, Verbena, Lotus and others (depending on the precise climatic
conditions). These plants control weed growth and are attractive and easy
to maintain.

The other alternative is to plant the area with an assortment of small,
medium and large shrubs and trees to create an area of dense bush. If
the area is large enough, say 80 feet square it is possible to create one’s
own ‘“hideaway” of shade, privacy and intimacy and at the same time creating
a haven for the birds.

Whatever scheme one uses to complete the garden design, remember
that in addition to the functional needs of windbreaks and shade, two other
factors, viz. privacy and a sense of enclosure are very desirable features in
garden design. One only has to walk through the bush in some of the
higher rainfall areas to realise how satisfying these factors can be.



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 279—Vol. 7

The preparation of the garden bed prior to planting will depend on the
requirements of the individual plants. In Alice Springs the soil generally
has good drainage characteristics and does not need modifying. However, in
areas where the soil has a high clay/silt content it will be wise to add river
sand or humus and raise the level of the garden bed to allow surplus water
to drain away—this is particularly important for ‘“dune sand” genera.

Having determined how the site is to be used, and having indicated
the areas to be planted with trees, shrubs, ground cover, creepers, it is
important to realise that most of these plants will require regular watering
at least for the first two years, depending on the selection of plants, and their
adaptability to the local climatic conditions. The simplest and most eco-
nomical form of applying water to young plants is by means of a trickle
irrigation system. This consists of a long %2"-3%" dia. polyethylene pipe which
is placed just below the surface of the soil, and directed in amongst the
assortment of plants. Near the stem of each plant a dripper is inserted into the
pipe and projects above the ground. These drippers are capable of delivering
from %2 gallon to 3 gallons of water per hour, depending on the type selected.
Up to 150 drippers can be inserted in one length of pipe regardless of
actual length. The pipe is fitted with a suitable attachment so as to screw
onto a standard hose cock. The tap can be turned on for 24 hours, 48
hours or left on permanently depending on soil and climatic conditions. There
is no wastage of water (providing it is used with care), and weed growth
is kept to a minimum, as only a small surface patch of soil is wet by the
dripper. Most householders in Alice Springs have experienced significant
reductions in their water consumption after installing such a system.

Australian native plants are not gross feeders. Many of the most attractive
genera in the centre of Australia grow in pure sand. e.g. Casuarina decaisneana,
crotalaria species, many of the Eremophila speciss, Helichrysum bracteatum,
Calandrinia species, Grevillea species, Cassia pleurocarpa, Thryptomene
species.

The most significant feature of the sand dune soil is its acid reaction.
The soil in the Alice Springs area has a pH of about 7.0. Howsever, the pH
of the local water supply is considerably higher. Therefore if plants are
to be watered regularly then iron chelates, sulphur or some other acidifying
agent must be added from time to time to prevent chlorosis (yellowing) of
the leaves.

So far not much is known about the effects of application of fertilizer
or animal manure to the plants of the Centre. However, there is much to
be gained by liberal application of cow manure and occasional light appli-
cations of fertiliser to Callistemon, Melaleuca, Grevillea, Hakea, Pandorea,
Kennedia species from other parts of Australia.

When considering these suggestions in retrospect and apart from the
matter of personal taste, the following comparisons can be made with the
indiscriminate gardener who has planted large areas of grass with a few
specimen trees in the lawn.

1. The physical effort and time involved in mowing the lawn on a hot
Saturday or Sunday afternoon is reduced. There is a saving in the cost
of water and fertilizer. -

2. Trees in the lawn will grow at a slower rate than those in garden beds.
It is essential where trees are growing in Kikuyu lawn, to maintain
a basin (free of lawn) 5’-6’ in diameter—to achieve this requires constant
removal of runners from the basin.

3. By careful selection of plants and the judicious use of trellis and
creeper it is possible to create areas of shade, a screen of foliage
to provide windbreaks and a sense of privacy.

4. Compared with the use of spnnklers the trickle irrigation system is
economic and time saving.



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Page 280—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

Central Australian Species of Nicotiana
WILD TOBACCO OR PITURI by P. K. Latz

The genus Nicotiana is well represented in Central Australia as nearly
half of the Australian species are found in the area. Although a little known
and rarely encountered group it was, and in some areas still is, highly regarded
by the aborigines. Certain species, locally known as “Pituri”’, were chewed
by them for the narcotic effect. [

The genus is endemic to the Americas, a few Pacific Islands and
Australia. The most important member of the genus is the tobacco plant
(hence the common name, wild or native tobacco). The genus is a member
of the family So’anaceae of which the garden potato, tomato and egg-plant are
members. Most species of Nicotiana are annual herbs with dark green,
usually soft leaves and characteristic creamy-white trumpet shaped flowers
ending in 5 short rounded lobes. The lobes close under a hot sun but open
at about sunset when a perfume is usually emitted. The corolla, calyx and
pedicels are always more or less hairy. The genus Nicotiana is distinguished
from other inembers of the family by its trumpet shaped flowers and its
non-fleshy, smooth two valved czapsule.

The majority of the species are attractive plants in the garden and
will usually last for more than one season if protected from severe frosts.
Propagation is relatively simple, either as transplants or grown from seed;
the seeds may need to be matured for a season.

Before the Europeans brought their tobacco to the area some species of
these plants were much sought after by the aborigines; probably accounting
for the sparse collections of some of the species. If Pituri was scarce the
first words of greeting on meeting was ‘“have you any Pituri?”’ Anyone
with large amounts of this drug was a ‘rich’ man as Pituri was an important
trading commodity and was probably the ‘currency’ used to obtain valued
seashells and so forth from coastal tribes where Nicotiana is absent or
very rare.

When preparing the narcotic, leaves, stems and roots were dried and
then ground into about an equal amount of the ashes of twigs and barks of
certain Acacias. The powder was then moistened in the mouth and made into
a ball or quid. The quid was first sucked and then chewed and when not in
use usually placed behind the ear. Chewing Pituri is said to produce sen-
sations of well-being, to suppress hunger and thirst, etc., but probably has
little more effect than tobacco as when Pituri was not available tobacco
was used as a substitute and often preferred.

Separation of species is often difficult. Morphological characters can be
variable. Individuals of a certain species growing in moist sheltered areas
can appear quite different from individuals under moisture and heat stress.
However the key provided should separate most Central Australian species.

KEY FOR C.A. NICOTIANA

ia Stems and leaves glabrous s 9
ib Stems and leaves with fine hairs ... 3
2a Base of leaf blade attached to stem (decurrent), “stems leafy N. excelsior
2b Base of leaf blade not attached to stem, majority of leaves basal .. N. ingulba
3a Lower stem leaves mostly as broad as long, abruptly narrowed Into

slender stalk (petiole), flower tube sparsely hairy .. ... N. benthamii
3b Stem leaves not as broad as long, base taperlng gradually, flower

tubea: halry. or: gparsely RaIFY o caai swvamm ansmsessmmismyss S R T s ahthstnsns sy A 4
4a Mature flower short, less than 25 cm Iong (mcludlng calyx) 4 N. velutina
4b Mature flower Ionger AR 2.5 BT o v e e e 50 o8 sseveseiiessmeanuceaspvaie i L
5a Plants with broad leaves continuing up stern, calyx greater than

15 mm long, flower tube hairy .. ... . . . N. gossei
5b Plants with narrower leaves sparse on stem, calyx less than

15 mm long, flower tube sparsely hairy 6
6a Very sticky plant, stem leaves sessile mostly broadest right at

base, gradually narrowing upwards ... N. occidentalis
6b Plants slightly sticky, stem leaves with narrow stalk (petlole)

before broadening above ¢
7a Corolla tube usually less than 30 mm Iong (rarely to 40 cm),

1-1.5 mm diameter at top of calyx ... N. simulans
7b Corolla tube more than 40 mm Iong 15-2 mm diameter at top

of calyx y 3 . g e N. megalosiphon



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 281—Vol. 7

Nicotiana excelsior J. M. Black

An attractive plant distinguished by its large glabrous, decurrent, somewhat
fleshy leaves which continue up the stem. The flowers are large, up to 5 cm
long, sometimes purplish below.
In C.A. it is a rare plant restricted to sheltered areas mainly in the
mountain ranges of the south west although collected in the Macdonnells.
It was much vaiued by the aborigines in the Musgrave Ranges area.
Nicotiana ingulba J. M. Black

A common species characterised by its long slender flowers and
glabrous stems and leaves, the latter mostly concentrated at the base of the
plant. An attractive plant which can be transplanted easily.

After good rains it is the most common species of the genus, found
in most of the ‘spinifex’ areas of C.A. (common around Ayers Rock).

“Ingulba” is the Aranda tribe’s word for Pituri but, in fact, this species
was rarely utilized by Arandas, they preferred certain of the otherspecies.

Photography by Peter Latz N’COTIANA ’NGULBA



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Page 282—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

Nicotiana benthamii Domin

A variable species but easily distinguished in the field by the large
rounded lower leaves abruptly narrowed into the petiole. An attractive plant,
under favourable conditions its lush, soft, dark green appearance seems
out of place in the desert environment. Its height can exceed one metre.

Although this species has a widespread (if sporadic) distribution; occurring
from the N.W. coast of Western Australia into Queensiand, in C.A. it appears
to be restricted to sheltered areas in the smaller, isolated range systems.
It is absent in the Macdonnell and Musgrave Range systems.

This species was much prized by the aborigines.

Nicotiana velutina Wheeler

A rather unattractive species characterised by its relatively broad, short,
often purplish, flower and its soft velvety leaves.

Often found in limestone and saline areas it is also common on creek
banks and well watered sandy areas. The second most common species in
C.A., it is generally regarded as a weed as it invades disturbed areas (e.g.
overgrazed and rabbit infested areas) and is poisonous to stock.

This species was shunned by the aborigines; it is called ‘ingulbaingulbla’
by the Arandas, the repetition indicating its unsuitability.

Nicotiana gossei Domin

A rare but attractive species which sometimes grows to 2 metres. Similar
to N. excelsior, it differs by its softer hairy leaves and hairy stems and
flowers. As in N. excelsior it has large flowers and calyx and large leaves
continuing up the stem.

It is found in most of the major range systems of C.A. being restricted to
sheltered, well watered areas such as caves.

This species was very highly prized by the Aborigines and they travelled
great distances to acquire it. Plants were rarely uprooted and were harvested
with great care. It is considered to be the most potent of the C.A. species
and some say has opium like effects on the user.

Nicotiana occidentalis Wheeler subsp. obliqua N. T. Burbidge

A somewhat rare plant in C.A. distinguished by its stickiness and by the
sessile stem leaves. The stickiness is due to microscopic ellipsoid-headed
glandular hairs.

Restricted to Southern and Western C.A., this plant grows under trees
and shrubs in spinifex sand plain areas, rarely in gullies in the hills.
Widespread in W.A.

Rarely if at all utilised by aborigines.

Nicotiana simulans N. T. Burbidge

A rather common plant in C.A. similar to N. megalosiphon but separated
from it by its shorter flower the lobes of which are twisted to one side in the
closed flower, and its habitat preference. The hairy but only slightly sticky
vestiture and the size and shape of the stem leaves separate these two
species from the others of the genus.

Widespread in C.A. it appears to prefer shaded spots on hillsides
and flats near watercourses.

This species was rarely used by aborigines.

Nicotiana megalosiphon Heurck & F. Muell.

An attractive rather bushy annual similar to N. simulans (see above).
Widespread but restricted to watercourses.

Was utilised by aborigines but was rather low on the list of preferences.

Another plant also referred to as Pituri is Duboisia hopwoodii F. Muell.
Although in the same family it has no resemblance to the native tobaccos
as it is largely spreading shrub with leathery leaves. The flowers are white
and bell-shaped, about 2 cms long with faint purple streaks inside. It is a
known stock poison containing the alkaloid nor-nicotine.

Widespread but rarely common in the ‘spinifex’ areas of C.A. it is often
encountered on the road to Ayers Rock.



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 283—Vol. 7

In areas where Nicotiana was scarce Duboisia was utilised by the
aborigines in the same manner as Nicotiana. However in areas where
Nicotiana is common the aborigines shunned Duboisia for narcotic purposes
and sneeringly referred to it as “only good for Emu poison”. It was in fact
used to capture emus; crushed leaves were thrown into small waterholes and
any emus who drank the resulting brew were reduced to staggering, helpless
birds which were easily speared.

REFERENCES

Goodspeed T. H. “The genus Nicotiana’” Chronica Botanica Co. Mass U.S.A. pp. 536 (1954).
Burbidge, N. T. “The Australian Species of Nicotiana L. (Solanaceae) Aust. J. Bot. Vol. 8
No. 3 p. 342-380 (1960).

OTHER AUSTRALIAN SPECIES

W.A. SPECIES

* N, cavicola N. T. Burbidge—Occurs in the Eremean province. Similar to
the N. benthamii but differs in having winged leaf stalks.

N. hesperis N. T. Burbidge—Restricted to mid-coastal regions of W.A.
Differs from N. occidentalis by its shorter flower.

N. rosulata (S. Moore) Domin. Occurs in the Eremean province of W.A.
Similar to N. ingulba but differs by having leafless stems.

N. rotundifolia Lindley. Restricted to the S.E. corner of W.A. Differs from
N. simulans by its shorter flower.

N. umbratica N. T. Burbidge. Found in the Pilbara region of W.A. An
attractive plant well worth growing. Similar to N. benthamii but is characterised
by the presence of long leaf stalks.

EASTERN STATES SPECIES

N. amplexicaulis N. T. Burbidge. Found on the Carnarvon Range in Qld.
Characterised by its broad short flower and cauline leaves.

N. debneyi Domin. Occurs in eastern QId. and north-east N.S.W.
Distinguished by having its stamens attached low in the flower tube.

N. exigua Wheeler—N.S.W. and central QIid. Similar to N. goodspeedii
(see below) but differs by having an ovoid, not oblong, capsule.

N. suaveolens Lehmann. Occurs in Victoria and eastern N.S.W. Charac-
terised by its broad flower tube and lack of hairs.
PREDOMINANTLY S.A. SPECIES

N. goodspeedii Wheeler. Common in southern S.A. extending to Vic. and
W.A. Similar to N. ingulba but has a shorter flower.

N. maritima Wheeler. Occurs in the coastal areas of S.A. extending to
Vic. Similar to N.velutina but has soft velvety leaves.

N. glauca Grah. ‘Tobacco Tree’. An introduced species native to Argentina.
Widespread in the winter rainfall zone of Arid Australia (including southern
central Aust.). A tall woody species with leathery leaves.

* Recently found in the Petermann Ranges, N.T.

EDIBLE AUSTRALIAN PLANTS

We are collecting information for the preparation of a comprehensive
issue of “Australian Plants” on the uses of native vegetation to sustain man.
Much information has been published but often in a very sketchy manner.
Will readers who know of uses that our flora has been put to, either by
the aborigines or the settlers, please advise with details and the source
of their information.



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Page 284—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE March, 1974

THE MAGIC OF WILDFLOWERS

A series for the young in spirit by Nuri Mass

PLANTS THAT DESERVE A MEDAL
People can do anything they really want to do, and so can plants—
especially when it comes to living in “impossible” places. Of course, the
more difficult things are, the cleverer you have to be to find a way around

A bunch of Central Australian wildflowers could look something like this, with mauve
Native Fuschias at the top, pale green pussytails in the middle, and smaller white ones
down below, amongst other pretty little bits and pieces (for botanical names, see Vol. 3,
page 84)



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS OF THE CENTRE Page 285—Vol. 7

them. So, plants that manage to live where there’'s scarcely any water, such
as in the drought-lands of Central Australia, are very clever indeed. And
they are clever in many different ways.

For instance, when the heat and dryness get really desperate, there
are large gumtrees that simply drop their leafy branches—one after
another of them. This is because a plant loses more moisture
through its leaves than through any other part, so it seems like a good
idea to drop them altogether for a while, until things get better again,
even though a tall gumtree does look rather funny without branches all the
way up and with only a small number of leaves on top.

Other plants, like Old Man Saltbush and the Desert Kurrajong, have
the same idea only a little differently. They shed all of their leaves regularly,
the way many trees do in winter, only instead of during winter, they shed
them during the Centre’s long hot droughts.

One of the little Parakeelyas, so clever at staying alive in deserts . . . its leaves full
of stored-up moisture, its wide-awake pink flowers living for only a day each, but with
plenty of new ones always ready to keep replacing them. There is another sort of
Parakeelya shown on page 272.

Leaves are not always a nuisance to their plants by losing water,
however. They can sometimes help a great deal by actually storing i‘*—
becoming quite swollen and ‘squashy” with it—so that their plants always
have enough to drink. Gay little Parakeelyas have leaves like this—and their
masses of bright flowers are a glad sight indeed, over the dry sandy ground.



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Page 286—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS March, 1974

Then, there are plants—Ilike some of the wattles—that have no leaves
at all, only green, flattened stems that /ook like leaves. And other plants
again stop their leaves from losing too much moisture by folding them
around into thin little rolls (like the spinifexes), or by having a furry or
waxy ‘‘bloom” all over them.

The Wild Tomato, with its pretty purple flowers, is one of these furry
ones. So are many of the pea plants, daisies, the Native Hibiscus, and so on.

But there are plenty of other little tricks as well, for plants that have
to live in Australia’s parched Centre. Paper Daisy plants, for instance,
wait for a fall of rain, then quickly spring to life and in next-to-no-time
are covering the ‘“desert” with the gaiety of their pink, white and yellow
flowers. In another little while, they go to seed and the plants die down.
The whole thing, from start to finish, has taken only a few weeks, but
meanwhile the desert has been covered with a glory of flowers, and millions
of seeds have been scattered far and wide, ready to grow into new,
bright masses of Paper Daisies the next time it rains.

Billy Buttons do the same kind of thing, their golden knobs of tiny
clustered flowers beautifying large areas that might have been quite barren
before. And so do those other pretty daisies the Poached Egg and Yellowtop,
whose names exactly describe them.

The Daisy flower-family is well known for finding its way all over the
Earth and into the oddest places, so it isn't surprising to find so many of
its members in the mostly-parched Centre of Australia. However, they are
by no means alone there. They have plenty of friends who, like themselves,
have learnt to ‘“‘manage’—amongst them, the Sandover Lily with its large
clusters of glorious white flowers. During droughts, you wouldn’t know that
it was there at all, for its leaves wither away, and only its bulb, deep
underground, remains quietly alive. But as soon as there’s a fall of rain,
up it comes again in great, beautiful numbers.

Then, all of the famous Pussytails. It's impossible to think of the Centre’s
flowers without also thinking of Pussytails—soft, fluffy, cuddly, and softly
coloured too, except for the dark-red ones: pale green, pinkish, silvery,
yellowish, mauve. Pussytails saying thank you for rain in the prettiest
possible way, with great profusions of their lovely flowers.

Dainty Bluebells are able to find low-lying parts which hold a little
extra moisture after rain—and the lovely Rock Isotome, with its delicate
pale-blue flowers, can manage to hold on year after year in sheltered parts
of rocky chasms.

Altogether, then—particularly after very good rains—there are any amount
of plants which can spring up into such wonderful masses of flowers that the
whole ‘“‘desert” of Central Australia comes alive with them. Great reaches
of dry sand, laced over with wiry Spinifex grass, become a fairyland of colour
and fragrance, once seen never forgotten.

However, quickly-coming-and-going plants are not the only ones in the
Centre. There are, as we have mentioned, gumtrees—many different kinds
including the handsome Red River Gums that grow along watercourses
(whether wet or dry), and here and there the tall, white-trunked Ghost Gums
that Albert Namatjira loved to paint. Also, there are lots of Mallees—a different
type of gum altogether, light and rather dainty, with many slender trunks
instead of one stout one.

There are plenty of wattles, too, some with pale-yeilow flowers, others
with bright golden ones, but all alike creating beauty in a dry, thirsty land.

One of the commonest wattles in the Centre is the famous Mulga
with its prettily-patterned wood so otten used in ornaments. Another is the
Witchetty Bush, so-named because of the witchetty grubs that get into its
roots—until the Aborigines get them. Yet another is the mysterious Gidyea—



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS Page 287—Vol. 7

quite good food for cattle except that sometimes, for no apparent reason,
it poisons them. The Dead Finish is a golden-ball wattle with needle-sharp
leaves, which manages to keep alive during droughts that would be the “‘dead
finish” of almost everything else. All kinds of strange and surprising things.

Among the vividly-coloured rocks of Standley Chasm and in some parts
of the Macdonnell Ranges, there are even a few soft little ferns, reminding
us of moist, shady gullies.

Up over rocky hilis, along sandy ridges or among wattle scrub, lovely
Native Fuchsias grow—Ilots of different kinds, with quaint flowers of all the
colours: white, blue, purple, pink, yellow, red.

The Wild Orange starts out looking like a crazy jumble of thorns.
Then its sturdy, oval-shaped leaves and delicate creamy-coloured flowers
take over. But back come all of its thorns again after cattle have had a
good feed from it.

This is one of the many plant-oddities in Central Australia—the oddest
thing of all being, of course, that such a rich variety of them actually
manage to live, grow and flower there, from the little low-lying Parakeelyas,
gay Everlastings and cuddlesome Pussytails to tall gumtrees, Bean Trees
and Desert Kurrajongs, from fragile Bluebells to rugged wattle shrubs,
and from masses of small pea-flowers to the wide-open Desert Rose—a large
pink flower blotched dark into the centre, which has been chosen as the
floral emblem of the Northern Territory.

Just browse through among the photographs in this little book alone,
and you will get some idea of all the colour and beauty of the Centre’'s
flowers.

If medals were ever given to plants for Cleverness, Bravery and
Endurance, surely the plants of Central Australia would be outright winners
three times over.

CIVILISING THE WILD FLOWER OF THE
CENTRE

by M. Simpson & S. Blakeman, A..M., Alice Springs, N.T.

The Lord forbid that such a thing could ever be possible, so let's
try another title “Will the Central Australian Flora meet us half way if we
are prepared to try them in our gardens”.

My neighbour and | are keen gardeners and are prepared to spend
time and effort to find out, by bringing back into the area the native flora
which has been ousted by the growth of the town. Not all bush plants are
welcome as with the limited space we must select those which please our
sense of beauty and which fit into the general pattern being established.

In 1947 the A.LLM. took over an unfenced, uncleaned, unwatered block
and during the next 25 years water was found and the land given to
agriculture until finally need arose for more cottages. As this development was
to house elderly people small walled private gardens were left in a sea
of green lawns with the exception of a large corner on the edge of the
scheme where my neighbour and | were allowed to garden as we wished.

Moving in just 12 months ago we selected an area for vegetables |
planted my Lippia lawn and the fruit trees which are regarded as essentials
in the district. The rest of the area began to lose its empty look as
native plants were brought back from our excursions into the surrounding
bush. At first we experimented with ways of doing this and found that to
dig a plant from where there was an abundance, replant it immediately
into a plastic planter bag and water usually gave complete success—an
added benefit was that the bigger plant could be left in the shade until
recovery was complete and then transplanted without shock. While we usually
took small plants from where they had responded with overproduction to



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Page 288—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS March, 1974

the stimulus of a thunderstorm, there were times when the only choice was
to dig an old plant out of a rocky hillside with the roots coming free
from the soil altogeher—to our surprise many of these showed no sign
of shock.

There were times when we felt that the rarity of the plant made it
wrong to remove it from its natural setting and this meant that we had to
raise it from cuttings—no easy matter this, although our previous experience
with other plants helped with general principles. A great amount of experi-
mentation was needed before we had even a small amount of success in
this field. Working with controlled conditions and with the aid of mist
sprays would make this easier but with our changing climate we must adapt
our methods; changing with the seasons as it is true that we get the extremes
of temperatures in this semi-arid region. It is strange how some plants
in a genus such as Eremophila can be easily rooted (E. macdonnellii) whereas
others with the greatest difficulty and only after a long time in the medium
(E. freelingii).

Seed growing has also given us a percentage of our garden plants
and here again there can be a great amount of difficulty in germinating
some types whereas others come up like weeds. Ants take their share of
most seeds and we have found that very few pods or capsules of seeds are
free from insect damage or destruction. Some, again like the Eremophilas
we find very difficult to almost impossible. There seems to be no special
seed germinating time in the centre as each individual has its own set
clock which responds to a certain micro-climate composed of percentages
of moisture, heat, cold, and perhaps mineral concentration.

One of our worries when beginning our planting was that we admired
and would like to grow plants from the red sandhills, the flat clay areas
and the rocky hillsides, from the black or rather grey soil and from both the
drier and the moist areas of our bushland. This we thought could be difficult
as it is obvious that the plants are naturally selective in their regions of
growth, even to the extent of a different species occurring on each side
of a sandhill.

Actually there have been very few failures, considering the number,
the variety, and the differing habitats from which plants or plant parts have
been brought—at the present time an alkaline tie-up of the iron in the soil
is giving us some worry in one part of the garden and we have lost
Eremophilas, grass trees and mint bushes. This can possibly be overcome
by Iron Chelates and we hope to have the material for experiment soon.
Our local plants seem to want space and seem to prefer the company of
our native trees rather than large leaved imported types which throw more
shade but this is only a generalisation as Plectranthus for instance loves
the intense shade of a large orange tree.

Some of the native trees and shrubs which have been planted apart
from the Eucalypts and Acacias are Erythrina, Melaleuca, Hakea, Templetonia,
Grevillea, Casuarina, Santalum, Atriplex, with some 18 species of Eremophila
and amongst these grow species of Nicotiana, Helichrysum, Parakeelyas,
Goodenia, Gossypium, Hibiscus and Crotalaria, the loveliest being C. strehlowii
with its yellow Genista like flowers and the most spectacular C. cunninghamii
with the striking green birds beak heads of bloom. The Solanums of the
Centre being such an interesting and showy flower—the almost perfect
rockery plant—are well represented. Wahlenbergia, the most popular with
visitors is always covered with bluebells and Blennodia which after a good
rain shows a mass of scented white flowers for a few weeks continues
to flower under cultivation constantly growing larger but never stopping its
output of blooms; like Crotalaria, some of the Cassias and a number of
others of the bush fraternity, it sends out underground shoots which form a
large clump able to stand better the difficult conditions which are part



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS Page 289—Vol. 7

of the environment. The Minuria, Brachycome, Helipterum, Senecio and even
Myriocephalus stuartii have either come from a top dressing of red sand
or from seed brought in from the bush; throwing the seed in the bare soil
is not very successful as it needs somewhere to lodge and soil which
has been dug over seems to produce the right micro climate for germination.

The collecting excursions have been picnics, and propagation a per-
petual interest, the actual work has been little and the enjoyment plentiful!

In other words we’'ve found a fascinating hobby and added to the
beauty of the surroundings. The native plants have met us more than half way!

CASSIA NEMOPHILA

This inland Cassia, formerly known as Cassia eremophila may grow to 2 metres
high but much lower and denser in exposed situations. A good ornamental shrub very
attractive in flower. It will flourish on heavy soils but requires good drainage. The typical
Cassia flower is clearly shown above. The Cassia around Alice Springs mentioned on page
271 have similar flowers, some with leaves similar to above but Cassia pleurocarpa has
much broader leaves to one cm across.



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Page 290—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS March, 1974

- FLORA FOR THE INLAND

by B. V. Curtis

The inland of Australia with its great vagaries of climate and general
dryness calls for a completely different approach for the establishment of
native plants than in more favoured districts where most people live.
Many techniques which are good practice in these districts would spell
certain failure in the dry inland.

Contrary to quite common belief species of the arid lands do not grow
without water, but are generally adapted to survive long dry periods with
minimal growth, and then grow vigorously and set seed when conditions
are more favourable.

Inland species often germinate in countless numbers in favourable
seasons, but only a few ever reach maturity. All but the most hardy, if not
in ideal sites are culled out in nature’s relentless struggle for survival in
the harsh environment which, beside the ever recurring dry periods, may
experience temperatures in winter of up to 13 degrees of frost and ground
temperatures in summer of 140 degrees plus. Seedlings may also be eaten
up by grasshopper plagues.

The soil of the inland is generally heavy rather than light, but the range
of conditions is so vast that | will not attempt to make recommendations
for specific situations; rather | will set out my experiences and the individual
can then assess these in the light of his own conditions.

This district is a marginal wheat area in North Victoria; the annual
rainfall is 11%2 inches varying from 3" to 22" with falls more regular in
winter than summer.

The first area developed for the growing of native species was a light
sand hill up to 15’ deep and several acres in extent sloping down to shallow
soil on one side. There were mallees on one section of it and scattered
over the balance old specimens of Hakea vittata, Callitris, Heterodendron
oleifolium and Exocarpus aphyllus. The area was first fenced from stock,
and a deep ripper was run round the mallees and along the places where
replanting was to take place. Local species were mostly planted in winter
and after good rains. | planted for several years with about a 50% survival
rate. Getting through the first summer was the severest test. | hand watered
some species to get them through this time. It was very difficult to get
any planted seedlings to survive in places where there was deep drift sand.

Good results were obtained with Callitris preissii “Murray Pine”, many
of which regenerated naturally and these were generally superior to the
nursery specimens. This species will grow strong side branches and | made
a practice of pinching these back to promote growth of the trunk. Callitris
columellaris is probably a superior tree adapting to loamy soils and with less
vigorous side branches. Both of these species grew to over 20’ in 17 years
as did Casuarina cristata, ““Belah” and Myoporum platycarpum, ‘‘Sugarwood”.

Other trees established were ‘“Wilga”, Kurrajong, Weeping Pittosporum
and Melaleuca acuminata the ‘“Mallee Honey Myrtle”. Shrubs established
and doing well include Grevillea pterosperma, Casuarina muellerana, Acacia
rigens, A. calamifolia, A. acanthoclada, A. ligulata, A. brachybotrya, A.
wilhelmiana, the ‘“Mallee Bitter Bush”, Adriana hookerii, Leptospermum
laevigatum, ‘“‘Green Tea Tree”, and Bush Daisies, Olearia pimelioides, O.
teretifolia, O. lepidophylla and O. rudis, Baeckea behrii and B. crassifolia,
Bertya mitchelli and Cassia eremophila the “Desert Cassia” which regenerated.

On the shallower soils the following species, Eremophila longifolia
“Berrigan Emu Bush”, E. maculata ‘“Spotted Emu Bush”, Myoporum desertii,
Cassinia arcuata, Acacia acinacea and A. montana, Olearia magniflora, (prefers
limestone soil), and several saltbushes which are really tough. These included
Atriplex nummularia “Old Man Salt Bush”, Kochia brevifolia, K. pyramidata



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS Page 291—Vol. 7

and K. sedifolia the “Pearl Salt Bush” which prefers limey soils. Kochia
tomentosa, Rhagodia spinescens and R. nutans, regenerated naturally under
the trees and gave the site a natural effect.

Creepers introduced were Clematis microphylla, “Small Clematis” and
Billardiera cymosa, ‘“‘Appleberry”.

The second area developed was adjoining the other in a hollow between
sand rises and was of heavier sand overlying a clay hard pan area of
about an acre most of which had been drifted over with sand up to one
metre deep. This was all scooped away by an earth moving contractor
who also excavated a big trench out of which a pond was later shaped. The
area was ripped up and cultivated for six months. Several original mallees
were retained to give a mature effect while the other specimens were small.
The plan was for this area to feature the flora of the inland of Eastern
Australia, particularly for those species which prefer substantial soils. Before
some species were planted holes were dug down to the clay hard pan
and these were filled with the rich self mulching clay loam from out of the
“crabholes”. An endeavour was made to make the area as informal as
possible yet allow for cultivation of portion for several years. On one side
of the pond, tall growing trees were planted, Eucalyptus intertexta, ‘“Gum
Coolabah”, E. ochrophloia “Yapunyah”, E. melanophloia “Silver Iron Bark”,
Angophora melanoxylon ‘“‘Coolabah Apple”, Bauhinia carronii ‘“Bean
Tree” and Kurrajong. Together with these were planted Melaleuca
halmaturorum  “Paper Bark”, M. glomerata ‘“Desert Paper Bark”,
M. decussata ‘‘Cross Honey Myrtle”, M. adnata a Paroo River form and
M. pubescens “Moonah”. Also Eremophila bignoniiflora *‘Bignonia Emu Bush”,
E. polyclada “Twiggy Emu Bush” and Myoporum montanum. These species
grow naturally in areas that receive run off and the soakage from the
pond simulated this condition.

The other side of the pond was only planted with ground covers and
represented an open side to a lagoon, species on this bank were Myoporum
parviflorum (excellent in clay soils) Myoporum debile, a creeping form of
Eremophila glabra, Crinum flaccidum ‘“Darling Lillies”, and Calostemma luteum
and C. purpureum ‘“Garland Lillies”.

The balance of the area was planted in rows in two sections and
in crossed directions. The rows were 12° and 15 apart, alternate rows
being cultivated and the others served as paths. Plants were spaced 1-2
or 3 metres apart and periodic furrow watering applied to boost growth.
The spacing may appear generous by usual standards, but in the drier
parts of Australia there is competition for a limited amount of moisture
and usually the more vigorous specimens are found growing apart from
others. If they are too crowded there is every possibility that they will become
scraggy or even die out in droughts.

No large trees were planted in these rows as they would eventually
suppress the lesser shrubs and the small trees planted were staggered over
several rows so that the lines of plants would become less obvious. These
trees included Hakea divaricata and H. suberea ‘“Cork Woods”, H. leucoptera
“Needlewood” Alstonia constricta “Quinine Tree”, Santalum acuminatum, S.
spicatum and S. lanceolatum *“Quandong” family. Acacia aneura, “Mulga”,
A. brachystachya ‘“‘Mulga”, Erythrina vespertilio “Batswing Bean Tree” (frost
tender), and Flindersia maculata ‘“‘Leopard Wood” (slow growing).

Shrubs planted included 10 species of Dodonaea “Hop Bushes” and
6 species of Cassia. | recommend C. oligophylla, C. phyllodinea and selected
forms of C. artemisioides. Grevilleas included G. ilicifolia, G. lavandulacea,
G. huegelii, G. glabella, G. juncifolia, and a local form of G. rosmarinifolia
Bottle brushes included Callistemon brachyandrus, C. macropunctatus and
C. teretifolius.

Other showy shrubs included Hibiscus farragei and H. huegelii, Abutilon
leucopetalum ‘‘Lantern Bush”, Petalostylis labicheoides ‘“‘Butterfly Bush” (grew



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Page 292—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS March, 1974

to 6 in 18 months), Indigophora australis *“‘Austral Indigo”, Cassinia laevis
“Curry Bush”, Gossypium sturtianum “‘Desert Rose”, Bossiaea walkeri “‘Cactus
Pea”. Wattles included Acacia hakeoides, A. decora, A. deanei, A. leptopetala,
A. triptera, A. continua, A. burkettii and A. strongylophylla. Over fifty Emu
bushes have been planted and these include species from W.A. Eremophila
maculata and E. santalina grew to 8 in 6 years. Other showy ones are
E. latrobei, E. gilesii, E. duttonii, E. scoparia and E. alternifolia.

Showy smaller shrubs included Calytrix tetragona, Prostanthera aspala-
thoides and P. striatiflora, Halgania lavandulacea, Micromyrtus ciliata,
Phebalium bullatum, Lasiopetalum behri, Spyridium subochreateum, Templetonia
retusa and T. egena, Eutaxia microphylla and var. diffusa, Cryptandra
propinqua and the succulent Sarcostemma australe ‘‘Caustic Bush”.

Small plants included Dianella laevis and D. revoluta “Flax Lillies”, and
the “Pussy Tails”, Ptilotus atriplicifolius, P. semilanatus, P. exaltatus var.
semilanatus, P. exaltatus and P. nobilis; the last two are very showy; they
live about two years and have regenerated naturally since introduced to the
garden.

Creepers established in this area were Jasminium lineare “‘Desert Jasmine”,
Marsdenia australis ‘“‘Alunqua” or “Doubah”, Pandorea doratoxylon ‘“Wonga
Vine”, Hardenbergia violacea ‘‘Native Sarsparilla’, Parsonsia eucalyptophylla
“Woodbine”, “Twining Glycine” and the ‘“‘Small Clematis” which established
naturally.

In this area much of the winter growth of grass is controlled by a
small female kangaroo, rank growth is mowed and certain weeds are pulled
out in spring to prevent seeding.

The last area developed was of several acres and received a different
approach from the previous ones. It adjoined them but was old cereal land,
sand about 3' deep of light fertility. In it were planted about 250 species of
Mallee Eucalypt, smali dry area gums and shrubs indigenous to the drier
parts of W.A. The whole area was fallowed and species were planted in
rows to allow cultivation.

The Eucalypts were planted in a separate section to the others in
rows 25 apart and 20’ between each tree. The other species were planted
in rows 12' and 15 apart with distances of 8 or 16° between plants
according to size.

It is something in the nature of an experiment, there are separate rows
of Grevilleas, Hakeas, Melaleucas and Acacia beside mixed plantings of
Banksia, Dryandra, Regelia, Kunzea, Beaufortia, Leptospermum, Calothamnus,
Petrophile and others. They grow in spartan conditions in full sun and wind.
Less than a gallon of water is applied at planting time and none is given
after, the cultivation conserves soil moisture, initial losses were as high as
40% and this has been reduced to almost nil. Hazards in order of magnitude
are as follows—galahs, rabbits, frost, heat and drying out of soil by adjacent
trees; magpies also flew off with plastic identification tags.

The hazards were overcome as follows; guards were placed around
new plants, these were made of 12" netting cut into lengths and made
into cylinders 6” in diameter. These guards stabilised the plants in the
wind and protected them from galahs, especially the outside rows and
from the odd rabbit that invariably made for the area. Guards of stakes and
bag were tried as this might have given shade, but beside extra work it only
encouraged burrowing mice.

Some Grevilleas were lost in a sudden severe frost one winter; larger
hardened plants and spring planting can prevent this.

Complete cultivation of the area before the plants were of sufficient size
would invite disaster from sand blast. A compromise is made by leaving
uncultivated strips, nevertheless the plants underwent a severe testing one
spring with two weeks of gales. Finally a day of hurricane force winds blew



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS Page 293—Vol. 7

the cultivated strips down to firm ground and left windrows of sand on the
uncultivated strips. Many small seedlings had to be dug out. These may have
been more fortunate than others exposed to the full blast of the sand and
some of these were killed. A ripper was pulled along to cut the roots of some
nearby old Mallee Trees which had affected soil moisture and plant establish-
ment as far as 16 metres.

Photography by M. Simpson

GREVILLEA STRICTA—Beefwood

Grevillea make fine garden shrubs. A hardy tree to 10 metres this Grevillea of the
inland should be useful on station properties in drier areas. It will also make a good
specimen tree under good conditions.



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Page 294—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS March, 1974

| now plant at all seasons except the months December, January and
February. In the prepared soil the plants grow into a reservoir of moisture.
The following method is used for planting.

A shovel is used to separate back the loose dry 2” or 3” of top soil,
the specimen is then planted and watered in the usual way. | often use
small tubed stock. A piece of clear plastic sheeting about 15 square (I cut
them from fertilizer bags) is placed over the moist soil around the plant
which is allowed to come through crossed slots cut in the centre of the
plastic for this purpose. Dry soil is then placed over the plastic and the
netting guard is pushed into the sand. The identification tag is buried on
one side and also listed on a plan. The plant is not watered again.

| carried out this treatment with a wide selection of species on the
1st March that year when shade temperatures were 100 degrees and it only
rained 180 points in the next 5 months and no plants died from dehydration.

The species in this area are not old enough to be fully evaluated
yet. Some Acacias grew 2 metres in 12 months, some of the Mallees grew
2 metres in 15 months. Melaleucas 1 metre in 12 months, some of the
Grevilleas 1 metre and flowering in 18 months. The Hakeas have all grown
steadily and with least losses.

Other inland species that prefer clay loam soils such as many of the
taller Eucalypts and Acacia pendula and A. laderii have been established
alongside the driveway. They were established by the cultivation method
and can grow to their full potential without crowding or unnecessary competition
which is the most important thing to remember for successful establishment
of plants in an inland environment.

While many of the species mentioned by Mr. B. V. Curtis in the above article and

the two following have been described In past issues of ‘‘Australian Plants’’, many are
not. A future issue will describe the plants in simple terms for your advice—Editor.

Notes on Forming and Planting of Pond

A tractor and scoop was used to shape the pond, the trench left by
the earthmover was widened and the spoil used to fill in the ends, the
porous upper layers of the banks were scooped off and back filled with
clay from the bottom, one side was made steeper than the other, this is
common in nature. Finally it was made kidney shaped with maximum
dimensions of 120 feet by 40 feet by 5 feet deep. Later it was found to be
not holding water sufficiently and heavy clay from an earth tank was carted
in and spread on the upper slopes to form a seal.

Plants of the Nardoo water fern were put around the edges of the water
and these later formed into a mat on the banks as well as floating out on the
water.

Several different coloured specimens of the Lotus water lily (available
from florists) were planted with rotted compost at different sites and in
12 inches of water. The Common Reed Typha domingensis established itself
but was promptly pulled out. A fine red aquatic weed spread through the
pond but has caused no problem. Clumps of the Tall Spike Rush have
grown on the upper banks and below them the small blue flowered herb,
called Blue Rod. Frogs and fish established themselves in the pond which
also is visited by an egret and a pair of blue cranes. Apart from maintaining
the water level, the only other maintenance required is pulling out plants
of the Flax-leaf Fleabone, an introduced weed that grows in swampy soils.



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-

March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS Page 295—Vol. 7

RURAL LANDSCAPING

The landscaping and planting of the grounds around a homestead
presents an exciting challenge and an opportunity that would be the envy
of many suburban gardener with their limited space. However the problems
are also considerable and there are many factors to be considered.

The planned arrangement of plantings around inland homesteads as
well as giving a desirable aesthetic effect can also have many practical
benefits, the more so if the other property installations have also been
thoughtfully planned. One of the primary factors is for the moderation of
the extremes of climate, that is, strong winds, dust, heat and to a lesser
extent cold.

Prevailing winds here blow from the NW and W so it is wise to avoid
siting driveways, yards and other dust prone areas on these sides of a
house. These and also the southern side because of bleak winds, should be
well protected by windbreaks of extensive plantations. Depending on the
district these could be from 5 to 20 acres in area. This might appear to be
large by town standards but in relation to the size of many inland properties
it is small and inexpensive. A site with a natural hill on the west side is also
an advantage as ti gives further protection.

The NE sector produces only moderate winds and is also the best
direction for an open view from a house. The landscape can be graced
with large specimen trees well spaced to give a parkland effect. Depending
on the soil type and district these could include pine (Callitris species),
Wilga (Geijera parviflora), Belah (Casuarina cristata), Weeping Myall (Acacia
pendula), Gum Coolabah (Eucalyptus intertexta), Kurrajong (Brachychiton
populneum), or some of the well known Western Australian dry area Eucalypts
such as Eucalyptus torquata and E. stricklandii.

Closer to the house careful selection and sighting of trees can allow
maximum sunlight in winter and also provide for a minimum amount in
summer which is an important advantage even in this age of air-conditioning.
In mid-winter the sun shines at an angle from the north so that to receive
maximum warmth, avoid tall trees close to the house on this side. In the
summer the sun rises in the SE, travels in an arc and sets in the SW.
Tall trees planted out from the house in these directions will shorten the
hours of sunshine it receives. This is particularly important on the west
side so as to reduce intense sunrays and allow the house to begin cooling
early in the afternoon. Pines and some of the taller Eucalypts are suitable for
this purpose but the latter give strong competition for soil moisture if there
is a garden close by and are also prone to falling limbs.

There is a particular need in our hotter inland districts, to provide shade
for the temporary parking of vehicles at a convenient location near the
house. Perhaps the best arrangement for shade for this purpose would be three
medium sized spreading trees planted in a triangle about 40 ft. apart.
Some Eucalypts such as Coolabah, E. intertexta or the inland form of
E. camaldulensis (red gum) would be suitable for this purpose.

All too often the view from a rural house resembles a factory yard
because the property service area is close by. A tin fence is a very practical
way of shutting this off but a line of large dense shrubs such as Melaleuca
would have a similar effect.

Pleasant surroundings around inland homesteads can compensate for
harsh climates and bare paddocks. All that is needed to establish shrubs
and trees is imagination, application and patience. Our native flora provides
an excellent selection of species suited for the purpose, the pleasure of the
owner, joy for visitors and a boom for bird life. Each site has its own
problems and the availability of suitable plants is often difficult. You will find
descriptions of many suitable plants on this and other issues of ‘‘Australian
Plants”.



@@@ 44 @@@



Page 296—Vol. 7 March, 1974

PAST ISSUES OF “AUSTRALIAN PLANTS” AVAILABLE

Because of the vast wealth of our flora there Is very little repetition.

VOLUME No. 1 Issues 1-12, no longer avallable bound but Issues 5, 6, 7 & 9 are
avallable at 45c each, $1.85 Incl. postage. However It Is proposed to reprint Volume 1 as a
tully bound book at a date In the future not yet decided upon.

VOLUME No. 2, Issues 13-20, all available only fully bound at $6.00 plus 30c postage,
.ncluding ‘A Descriptive Catalogue of Western Australlan Plants’.

VOLUME No. 3, Issues 21-28, all available only fully bound at $6.00 plus 30c postage,
Including also ‘“‘Catalogue of Cultivated Australlan Natlve Plants’ valued at $3.00.

VOLUME No. 4, Issues 29-36, all available only fully bound at $6.00 plus 30c postage,
Including “Western Australlan Plants for Hortlculture—Part 1" valued at $3.00-

VOLUME No. 5, Issues 37-44, all available only fully bound at $6.00 plus 30c postage,
Including *'The Language of Botany’’, a valuable reference to words and terms.

VOLUME No. 6, Issues 45-52, available fully bound at $6.00 plus 30c postage including
““Western Australian Plants for Horticulture—Part 11" valued at $3.00. Prices will rise
shortly so order now.

YOUR PERIODICAL—""AUSTRALIAN PLANTS"

We have had a difficult time in 1973 but things look good for 1974 with this issue
almost on time. Thank you for those who have been patient with the efforts of myself and
the printer. We want to produce an issue of which you can be proud. You no doubt
want many good quality colour plates (just watch the quality from now on) to illustrate
our beautiful wildflowers but these should not be just pretty plates of close-up photography
but should indicate how the plant looks with a view to its cultivation or identification
in the bush. Your comments or criticism of the articles would be appreciated. There is
no doubt | cannot fully satisfy all of you in even every second issue. After producing
the No. 56 issue on ferns, the first time we have treated ferns in our 15 years of production.
two readers were critical.

““Australian Plants’’ is produced as a continuing series each issue adding to the
information recorded over the past 57 issues. Some very good issues are in preparation
over a wide range of subjects. The subjects are limited by the availability of competent
writers and the subjects they want to write on but if you wish articles on any particular
genus of plants or aspect of cultivation, please advise by letter—Editor.

THE SOCIETY FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS

“AUSTRALIAN PLANTS" IS AUSTRALIA'S NATIONAL PRESERVATION JOURNAL
(A non-profit making venture, produced quarterly, dedicated to preservation by cultlvation)
[his journal Is published by The Publlshing Section on behalf of:
SOCIETY FOR GROWING AUSIRALIAN PLANTS—N.S.W. HREGION:
President: Mrs. O. Parry, Karlong via Gosford, N.S.W. 2250.
Secretary: Mr. Ray Page, 21 Robb Street, Revesby, N.S.W. 2212.
SOCIE1Y FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—QLL. REGION:
Presldent: Mr. G. Thorpe, 32 Long Street, Cemp HIill, Qid. 4152,
Secretary: Mrs. D. Brown, 79 Blrley Street, off Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Qld. 4000
SOCIETY FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—SOUTH AUSTRALIAN REGION; INC.:
Presldent: Mr. L. Russell, 26 Chapman Street, Blackwood, S.A. 5051.
Secretary: Mr. C. J. Winn, Box 1592 G.P.O., Adelalde, S.A. 5001.
SOCIETY FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—I1ASMANIAN REGION:
Presldent: Mrs. M. Allan, 73A Mt. Stuart Road, North Hobart, Tasmanla, 7000.
Secretary: Mr. B. Champlon, G.P.O. Box 1353P, Hobart, Tasmanla, 7001.
SOCIETY FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—VICTORIAN REGION:
President: Mr. T. J. Blackney, 23 Devon Street, Heldelberg, Vic. 3084.
Secretary: (Slister) E. R. Bowman, 4 Homebush Crescent, Hawthorn East, Vic. 3123.
Please do not phone or call at prlvate home—enquirles by mall only.
SOCIETY FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—CANBERRA REGION:
Presldent: Mr. Henry NIx, 22 Syme Crescent, O'Connor, 2601.
Secretary: Mrs. D. Fowler, P.O. Box 207, Civic Square, A.C.T. 2608.
WEST AUSTRALIAN WILDFLOWER SOC. (Inc.):
President: Mrs. M. Wittwer, P.O. Box 64 Nedlands, W.A. 6009.
Secretary: Mrs. K. Edmonds, P.O. Box 64, Nedlands, W.A. 6009.
Seed Is In very short supply—try the commerclal seedsmen, not W.A. Soclety
Membershlp Is open to any person who wishes to grow Australlan native olants
Contact the Secretary of the Soclety for your State for Information without obligation.

PUBLISHING SECTION FOR SOCIETIES

Managing Editor: W. H. Payne, assisted by P. D. Leak; Treasurer: N. Denovan
Despatch by E. Hubner, N. Dent, H. Jones with families. Stencils: N. Price. Advertising
and Sales Representatives in each State.
MAIL—Address mall to the Editor, 860 Henry Lawson Drive, Plcnic Polnt, N.S.W. 2213

Please do not phone or call at private home—enquirles by mall only.
SUBSCRIPTION—Members: Apply to State Secretary above.

NON-MEMBERS: You may recelve the next 4 |ssues direct to your home by
forwarding an annual subscription of $1.80. Overseas subscriptions $2.70 Aust., $1.60 In new
English currency or $4.00

FACILITIES AVAILABLE TO MEMBERS

Meetings of members In local suburban or town groups. Regular meetings wlith
llustrated addresses In capltal cltles and major reglonal centres, free supply of seed and
advice on cultlvatlon, field trips, flower shows, publications (Australian Plants as well as
State news journals) and particlpation In Study Groups Into cultlvation of selected groups
of plants such as Orchlds, Ferns, Wattles, Grevlllea, Hakea, Banksla, Natlve Irls and Lllles,
Mint Bushes, Boronla, Pea-flowered Plants, etc. Enquirles to State Secretarles listed above
by mall.



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March, 1974 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS IN DRY AREAS Page 297—Vol. 7

THE COMPOSITAE FLOWERS

The flowerheads (capitula) of the plant family Compositae are almost
always surrounded by a protective cluster of modified leaves or bracts. In
the case of Senecio as shown below, the centre of the flowerhead comprises
many small ‘true” yellow flowers surrounded by yellow bracts that resemble
petals. After a wet season the plains around Alice become a mass of
colour. A big proportion of the flowers belong to the Compositae family,
either the Senecio shown on the front cover or an everlasting where the
flowerheads are similar to Senecio but the bracts appear dry and papery.
They may be a different colour to the flowers in the centre and the ‘“poached
egg”’ everlasting where the yellow centre is surrounded by white bracts is
a lovely sight.

SENECIO MAGNIFICUS
A perennial rooted subshrub to 1 metre high with grey-green soft
foliage. Commonly found along disturbed areas such as road sides, creek
banks and flood plains where it can form dense clumps after heavy winter
rains.



@@@ 46 @@@



Page 298—Vol. 7 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—NURSERYMEN March, 1974

NEW BOOKS ON WILDFLOWERS AND GARDENING

As they become available new books are reviewed for your information. Most of those
received over the last three years are still available by mall from the Editor. With the
upsurge in prices and postage it would be wise to check the current cost before sending
a cheque for books reviewed more than two years ago.

WIRRIMBIRRA KING’S PARK AND BOTANIC

Hume Highway between Tahmoor and GARDEN
Bargo, N.S.W. PERTH, W.A. 6005

AUSTRALIAN PLANTS Current Seed Llst soxsnees 1 S0

Wide Range — Phone: 841112 Bargo Sleseet\’fvhpeerre packet wIthIn Australasla 388

OFEN SEVEN DAYH 4 WEEK “‘Descriptive Catalogude of W.A. Plasmfi

. o ed. J. S. Beard . 3.15

Nindethana Native Plant “The Cultivation of Natlve Plants” by

Seeds W. M. Llvesey (48 pp. 13 flgs) 25¢

“Wildflowers of the 'Northwest” by

By Packet, Ounce or Pound J. S. Beard (30 pp. 57 lllustratlons)
Large selection. Send for free list. and map In colour)

“Wildflowers of Western Austra!la

N|NDETHANA 24 pages, 47 col. lllustratlons) 70c

Box 129, Wellington, 2820 Post free within Australasia

DEANES ORCHID NURSERY

Specialising in Australian Native Orchids
Please send for descriptive llst. Plants sent anywhere.
Nursery open every weekend—weekdays, phone 86-3446

157 BEECROFT ROAD, BEECROFT, N.S.W. 2119

NATIVE PLANTS

ARROWHEAD NURSERIES

Specialists In Natlve Trees & Shrubs
9 SAMPSON DRIVE, MT. WAVERLEY, 3149 — Phone: 232-1144

OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK — 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.
(Large stocks of tubes also available. Send stamped addressed envelope for catalogue)

MAGAZINES, BOOKS, BROCHURES, PRICE LISTS,
CATALOGUES, OFFICE STATIONERY, LETTERHEADS,
INVOICES, STATEMENTS, ENVELOPES, BUSINESS CARDS

Consistent quality and unbeatable service together with reasonable
costs remove most of the problems confronting people purchasing
printing at . .

SURREY BEATTY & SONS
43 RICKARD ROAD, CHIPPING NORTON, N.SW. 2170
Telephone: 602-7404, 6023126  S.T.D. 02



@@@ 47 @@@



AUSTRALIAN PLANTS—NURSERYMEN

March, 1974
Australian Native Plants in
Tubes
8 plants posted $4.50

Stamped, addressed envelope for list

FLAMINGO NURSERY

144-170 Plunkett Street, Nowra, N.S.W.

AUSTRALIAN PLANTS CENTRE
NATIVE PLANTS, SHRUBS, FERNS &
GROUND COVER
Visit the best range of native plants on
the Gold Coast

PINE RIDGE ROAD, COOMBABAH,
QLD. 4215 — Closed Mondays

GOOD SELECTION OF AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS

DENOVAN'’S

188 MARCO AVENUE, PANANIA, N.S.W.

NURSERY

77-8891

SORRY NO MAIL ORDERS

W. & J. MOLYNEAUX NURSERIES PTY. LTD.

Nursery

Austraflora

OPEN DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY
Tel.: 728-1353
Retall only

1974 Catalogue — 30c posted

BELFAST RD., MONTROSE, VIC. 3765

ALEXANDER PLANT FARM

(Doug Twaits, Prop.)
2 Winifred Street, ESSENDON, VIC.

3040
Phone: 379-5163

EVERYTHING FOR THE GARDEN
Specialising in Australian Native Plants

Greenbriar Drive-in Nursery
AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS
Large and Varied Selection

1957 MOUNTAIN VIEW RD.,
BRIAR HILL, VIC. 3088

Phone: 43-1468 — Open Weekends

BREAKODAY NATIVE PLANT

NURSERY
J. & M. McAllister
41 SWEETLAND I:?lst BOX HILL, VIC.

PHONE: 88-3868
Established Native Garden Setting

MASON’S KENTLYN NATIVE

PLANT NURSERY
Specialising in Australian Plants
Good variety, good quality
96c GEORGE’S RIVER ROAD,
KENTLYN, N.S.W. 2560
Phone: Campbelltown 21583
Closed Wednesdays

BELBRA NURSERY
in the heart of the Grampians
LARGE RANGE OF AUSTRALIAN
NATIVES

Catalogue posted 30c
BOX 12, HALL'S GAP, VIC. 3381

NAROOMA NATIVE NURSERY
(H. & N. RYAN, Proprietors)

15 TILBA STREET, NAROOMA, N.S.W.
2546 — Phone 132

Good varlety of native plants.
Catalogue Avallable 7 cents.

BARKLY NURSERIES
NATIVE PLANT SPECIALISTS
Choose from our growing specimens

269 NEPEAN HIGHWAY, PARKDALE,
VIC. 3194

Phone: 90-2694

“CHIVERS’ NATIVE PLANT
NURSERY"

26 Cowper Road, Black Forest, S.A.
5035 — Phone: 93-7808

Open April-May — Catalogue Available
From March 1st—Send 7 cent stamp

No Interstate Orders

SUPPORT YOUR NATIVE PLANT NURSERYMEN BY PURCHASING

YOUR SEEDS, PLANTS, ETC. FROM THEM

PRESERVATION BY CULTIVATION

FLORAILANDS

KARIONG, via GOSFORD, N.S.W. 2250
large variety of the most popular native plants at nursery

A
PHONE: Gosford 25-1142

J. PARRY

Clearview Nursery—W. Cane,

Box 19 Maffra, Victorla, 3860. Speclallst In developed plants.

Page 299—Vol. 7

LARGE SELECTION OF GROUND
COVERS, SHRUBS AND TREES



@@@ 48 @@@



Page 300—Vol. 7 March, 1974

WILDFLOWERS OF THE CENTRE

This issue features wildflowers of Central Australia, principally the Alice
Springs area. It would not be complete without “The Desert Rose’.

THE DESERT ROSE—Gossypium sturtianum

This shrub can grow to two metres high in nature or in the garden. It is
quite hardy and easily grown in the garden and should be cut back quite
hard after flowering to limit ito whatever height you wish. The leaves are
circular and smooth with fine spots and on the underside in the centre of the
leaf vein, is a slit-like mark known as a nectary. The flower may be from
5 to 10 cm in diameter and its delicate lilac colour is lost in the reproduction
above. It will flower abundantly in the garden.

Another species of Gossypium is shown in full colour on page 268.

Grow Wildflowers in Your Garden

It is surprising how many of the wildflowers from the centre will grow in
the garden. We often look for a plant that will flourish in that hot sunny spot.
It can be hot and dry on top but they need water deep down.

SURREY BEATTY & SONS, PRINTERS